Cell

Question 1

Are the basic structural and functional units of all multicelullar organisms

Answer 1

CELL

Question 2

cell Can be divided into two major compartments:

Answer 2

cytoplasm and nucleus

Question 3

Cell’s specialization process where they will predominantly express a set of genes that will mediate specific cytoplasmic activities; becoming efficiently organized in tissues with specialized functions and often change shape accordingly.

Answer 3

celk differentiation

Question 4

Single cell formed by the merger of a spermatozoon with an oocyte at fertilization

Answer 4

zygote

Question 5

Cells produce by the first zygotic cellular division

Answer 5

blastomere

Question 6

Cells produce by the first zygotic cellular division

Answer 6

blastomere

Question 7

Give rise to all tissue types of the fetus

Answer 7

inner cell mass

Question 8

Those cells that would differentiate are actually from the

Answer 8

inner cell mass

Question 9

If we culture ___ and give them various growth factors, we can dictate what these cells would become. They can be ____ to differentiate into cells of multiple lineages depending on the growth factors we gave them.

Answer 9

(In vitro) cells, induced

Question 10

Explanted to tissue culture cells of the inner call mass

Answer 10

embryonic stem cells

Question 11

Capable of self-renewal (divides to multiply) especially when it becomes your pluripotent stem cells or some becomes multipotent

Answer 11

embryonic stem cells

Question 12

Have more restricted developmental potential and eventually produce differentiated cells from the three embryonic germ layers

Answer 12

Multipotent stem cell

Question 13

3 Embryonic Germ Layers

Answer 13

 Endoderm  Mesoderm  Ectoderm

Question 14

Rapidly dividing cells generated by the somatic cells

Answer 14

Transit Amplifying Cells

Question 15

Transite amplifying cells Give rise to a cell with a more restricted developmental potential called

Answer 15

progenitor cells

Question 16

Descendants of stem cells that then further differentiate to create specialized cell types

Answer 16

Progenitor Cells

Question 17

Cells that appear similar structurally oft en have different families of receptors for signaling molecules such as ______ components, causing them to behave differently.

Answer 17

hormones and extracellular matrix (ECM)

Question 18

For example, because of their diverse arrays of receptors, _____ and ____ are exceptionally sensitive to female sex hormones while most other fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells are insensitive.

Answer 18

breast fibroblasts and uterine smooth muscle cells

Question 19

outermost component of the cell, separating the cytoplasm from its extracellular environment

Answer 19

Plasma Membrane (Plasmalemma)

Question 20

The plasma membrane contains proteins called___ linked to both cytoplasmic protein filaments and ECM components.

Answer 20

integrins

Question 21

These linkages produce a continuous exchange of influences, in both directions, between the ECM and the
cytoplasm.

Answer 21

cytoplasmic protein filaments and ECM components

Question 22

Fluid component of the cytoplasm

Answer 22

cytosol

Question 23

metabolically active structures found in the cytoplasm

Answer 23

organelles

Question 24

may be membranous (such as mitochondria) or nonmembranous protein complexes (such as ribosomes and proteasomes)

Answer 24

organelles

Question 25

membranous organelle

Answer 25

mitochondria

Question 26

nonmembranous protein complexes

Answer 26

ribosome and proteasome

Question 27

determines the shape and motility of eukaryotic cells

Answer 27

Cytoskeleton

Question 28

determines the shape and motility of eukaryotic cells

Answer 28

Cytoskeleton

Question 29

minor cytoplasmic structures that are generally deposits of carbohydrates, lipids, or pigments

Answer 29

inclusion

Question 30

acts as a physical barrier wherein it establishes a flexible boundary to protect cellular contents and supports cells structure.

Answer 30

Plasma membrane

Question 31

The plasma membrane (cell membrane) functions as a selective barrier regulating the passage of materials into and out of the cell and facilitating the transport of specific molecules

Answer 31

Selective Permeability

Question 32

Plasma membrane maintains the electric charge difference of the inside and outside of the cell by regulating the number of ______ that would go out and the number of ____ that would go in to the cell.

Answer 32

potassium ions (intracellular cation) , sodium ions (extracellular cation)

Question 33

Plasma membrane maintains the electric charge difference of the inside and outside of the cell by regulating the number of potassium ions (intracelullar cation) that would go out and the number of sodium ions (extracellular cation) that would go in to the cell.

Answer 33

Electrochemical Gradients

Question 34

Plasma membrane are important components of proteins acting as , which participate in important interactions such as _____

Answer 34

receptors, cell adhesion, cell recognition, and the response to protein hormones.

Question 35

modulating the fluidity and movement of all membrane components

Answer 35

cholesterol

Question 36

Plasma membrane are important components of proteins acting as , which participate in important interactions such as cell adhesion, cell recognition, and the response to protein hormones.

Answer 36

communication

Question 37

oligosaccharide chains that extend outward from the cell surface and contribute to a delicate cell surface coating called the glycocalyx

Answer 37

glycolipid

Question 38

oligosaccharide chains that extend outward from the cell surface and contribute to a delicate cell surface coating called the

Answer 38

glycocalyx

Question 39

which participate in important interactions such as cell adhesion, cell recognition, and the response to protein hormone

Answer 39

receptor

Question 40

Localized regions within the plasma membrane having higher concentrations of cholesterol and glycosphingolipids (cerebrosides, gangliosides, globosides)

Answer 40

Lipid rafts

Question 41

commonly found in animals’ muscles

Answer 41

cerebrosides

Question 42

dominates the Central Nervous System tissue

Answer 42

ganglioside

Question 43

are major constituents of membranes (~50% by weight in the plasma membrane)

Answer 43

protens

Question 44

directly incorporated within the lipid bilayer

Answer 44

Integral Proteins

Question 45

exhibit a looser association with one of the two membrane surfaces, particularly the inner

Answer 45

Peripheral Proteins

Question 46

The loosely bound peripheral proteins can be easily extracted from cell membranes with _____, whereas integral proteins can be extracted only by using ____ to disrupt lipids.

Answer 46

salt solutions, detergent

Question 47

The polypeptide chains of many integral proteins span the membrane several times, from one side to the other, and are accordingly called.

Answer 47

multipass transmembrane proteins

Question 48

Small, lipophilic (fat-soluble) molecules can pass through lipid bilayers by

Answer 48

simple diffusion.

Question 49

Ions such as Na+, K+, and Ca2+ cross membranes by passing through integral membrane proteins that act as

Answer 49

ion channels or ion pumps

Question 50

Transmembrane diffusion of water molecules (by osmosis) involves their passive movement through multipass transmembrane proteins called.

Answer 50

aquaporins