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The Lego Bricks Of Life > Cell > Flashcards

Cell Flashcards

1
Q

What are the „In, Out, Net“ of Glycolysis?

A

In: 2 ATP, (Glucose)
Out: 4 ATP, 2 NADH, (2 pyruvates)
NET: 2 ATP, 2 NADH

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2
Q

What are the „In, Out, Net“ of Beta oxidation?

A

In: 2 ATP (2 pyruvates)
Out: 2 NADH, (CO2, 2 acetyl CoA‘s)
NET: - 2 ATP, 2 NADH, (2 CO2, 2 acetyl CoA‘s)

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3
Q

What are the „In, Out, Net“ of the citric acid cycle?

A

In: 2 Acetyl CoA‘s
Out: 4 CO2, 6NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP
NET: 4 CO2, 6NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

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4
Q

What are the „In, Out, Net“ of the Oxidative phosphorylation?

A

In: NADH and FADH2
Out: up to 34 ATP
NET: up to 34 ATP

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5
Q

What are the stages of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis

Beta oxidation

Citric acid cycle

Oxidative phosphorylation:

  • Electron transport chain
  • Chemiosmosis
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6
Q

Where does cellular respiration take place?

A

All stages except glycolysis take place in the mitochondria

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7
Q

What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

A

Generating Energy (ATP) from Glucose

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8
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

First step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy for cellular metabolism.
Glycolysis consists of energy-requiring phase followed by an energy-releasing phase.
Glucose (C6) -> 2x Pyruvate (C3)

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9
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytoplasm

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10
Q

What is beta oxidation?

A

Fatty acids, wich are below C-22 length are converted to acetyl-CoA
Location: Mitochondrion

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11
Q

Where are fatty acids, wich are over C-22 length, broken down?

A

Peroxisomes

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12
Q

What is the citric acid cycle?

A

Location: Mitochondrial matrix
1 Acetyl CoA is converted to 2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 and 1 ATP
Because there are two Acetyl CoA: 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 and 2 ATP

It is los possible to break down amino acids

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13
Q

Where does the electron transport chain take place?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

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14
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle take place?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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15
Q

What are the two stages of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

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16
Q

What is the process of chemiosmosis?

A

Mechanism where energy is stored in form of an H+ gradient between the intermembrane space and the mitochondrial matrix.
PROTON MOVE FORCE
- H+ gradient = maintained by electron transport chain
- H+ flows through the ion channels of ATP-Synthase
- ATP-Synthase catalyzes ATP from ADP
- Up to 32 ATPs are produced

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17
Q

How many H+ make 1 ATP?

A

3

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18
Q

How many ATP‘s does one NADH make?

A

2-3

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19
Q

How many ATP‘s does one FADH2 make?

A

2

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20
Q

What is endocrine signaling?

A

Long distance cell signaling over blood vessels

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21
Q

What is Paracrine signaling?

A

Signaling cell and target cell are close to each other

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22
Q

What is juxtacrine Signaling?

A

Contact dependent cell signaling

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23
Q

What is Autocrine signaling?

A

Signaling cell and target cell are the same

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24
Q

What are the two types of contact dependent cell signaling?

A
  • Juxtacrine signaling

- Signaling over junctions

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25
Q

What kind of cell junctions exist?

A
  • Gap junctions
  • Occluding/Tight junctions
  • Anchoring junctions
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26
Q

What are the three different types of anchoring junctions and hat are the functions?

A

Structural support

Adherens junctions: Connect actin filaments to other cells
Desmosomes: Connect intermediate filaments to other cells
Hemidesmosomes: Connect intermediate filaments to ECM

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27
Q

What is the function of Gap junctions?

A

Communication

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28
Q

What are different parts of the nucleus?

A
  • Nuclear envelope
  • Nuclear lamina
  • Nuclear pores
  • Nucleolus
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29
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

It stores eukaryotic DNA

30
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

Part of the nucleus

Double membrane enclosing the chromatin

31
Q

What is the nuclear lamina?

A

Part of the nucleus

Net of protein filaments that support membrane

32
Q

What are the nuclear pores?

A

Part of the nucleus

Allow diffusion of small proteins and mRNA

33
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

Part of the nucleus

Place where rRNA is made

34
Q

Wha is the endoplasmatic reticulum and where do you find it?

A

Eukaryotes

A network of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae wich are connected to the nuclear envelope.

35
Q

What does the endomembrane system consist of?

A

ER, Golgi, Nuclear envelope, Lysosomes

36
Q

How do you call the internal matrix of the ER

A

Lumen

37
Q

Wich proteins are responsible for protein folding?

A

Chaperones in the ER

38
Q

What is the structure and function of the smooth ER?

A

Does not contain ribosomes on the outer surface

  • Synthesis of lipids (including steroid hormones)
  • Detoxifies by adding hydroxyl groups
  • Stores calcium ions (Ca+)
39
Q

What is the structure and function of the rough ER?

A

Does contain ribosomes on its surface

  • Synthesis of membrane and secretory proteins
  • Protein folding by chaperones
  • Glycosilation of proteins
40
Q

Of how many cisternae does the Golgi apparatus consist?

A

4-8

41
Q

What is the Cis face of a Golgi body?

A

Receives vesicles: Located near smooth ER

42
Q

What is the Trans face of a Golgi body?

A

Ships vesicles: Cisternae facing the outside

43
Q

What holds the cisternae of the Gogi body together?

A

Matrix proteins

44
Q

What is the function of the Golgi body?

A

Responsible for transporting, modifying and packaging of proteins

45
Q

Where is the gogi body located?

A

Cytoplasm next to the ER

46
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Vesicle enters the cell

47
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Vesicle leaves the cell

48
Q

What are 3 different types of endocytosis?

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • Pinocytosis
  • Receptor-mediated endocytosis
49
Q

What are two types of exocytosis?

A
  • Constitutive secretion (without signal)

- Regulated secretion (Signal)

50
Q

What is meant by the term: passive transport?

A

The movement of substances across the membrane without the expenditure of cellular energy.

51
Q

What are the three different types of passive transport?

A
  • Diffusion
  • Osmosis
  • Facilitated diffusion
52
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Type of passive transport.

Substances crossing the plasma membrane with the help of protein channels or carrier proteins.

53
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Type of passive transport.

The diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane.

54
Q

How can you calculate osmolarity?

A

Number of particles x concentration

55
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Small and non-polar molecules can just pass the membrane

56
Q

What is active transport?

A
  • ATP is required to move substances across a plasma membrane.
  • With help of carrier proteins
  • Usually against concentration gradient
57
Q

What is the functions of ribosomes?

A

Synthesis of proteins (Translation)

58
Q

What is the size difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes?

A

EU: 80s (small unit: 40s Large unit: 60s)
PRO: 70s (small unit: 30s Large unit: 50s)

59
Q

What are the three filamentous proteins the cytoskeleton is composed of?

A
  • Microtubules
  • Actin filaments
  • Intermediate filaments
60
Q

What are microtubles and what are its functions?

A
  • Largest type of cytoskeleton filaments
  • Composed of protein called tubulin
  • Form the mitonic spindel
  • Transport in the cell
61
Q

What are actin filaments?

A
  • Smallest type of cytoskeletal filaments
  • Made of a protein called actin
  • Cell movement
62
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A
  • mid-sized cytoskeletal filaments

- constructed from a number of different proteins

63
Q

What is the role of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • Shape
  • Internal Organisation
  • mechanical support
  • division and movement
64
Q

What are the 6 most common post translational modifications, and where are they made?

A
  • Folding (ER by chaperons)
  • Glycosylation (rER and Golgi)
  • (De-)phosphorylation
  • Proteolysis
  • Disulfide bridge formation (rER, mitochondrial intermembranespace)
  • Hydroxylation
65
Q

What happens while (de-)phosphorylation of proteins?

A

Post translational process
Phosphorylation: Activates (by kinase)
Dephosphorylation: Deactivates (by phosphatase)

66
Q

What is proteolysis?

A

Post translational modification

Removal of e.g. methionine, signal peptide

67
Q

What are the 3 different ways of protein transport?

A
  1. Gated transport
  2. Transmembrane transport
  3. Vesicular transport
68
Q

What are the 3 different coat proteins for vesicular transport?

A

COP 1
COP 2
Clathrin

69
Q

wich protein determines where a Vesicle should go?

A

RAB proteins

70
Q

When is COP 1 the coat protein?

A

When a Vesicle should go from ER to Golgi

71
Q

When is COP 2 the coat protein?

A

When a Vesicle should go from Golgi to ER/Golgi

72
Q

When is clathrin the coat protein of a Vesicle?

A

When a Vesicle should go from Golgi/Outside to lysosome ore peripherie

The Lego Bricks Of Life (4 decks)

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