Cell Adaptation, Injury, and Death

Question 1

What is cachexia?

Answer 1

Wasting of entire body, mediated by cytokines (destroys muscle over fat)

Question 2

What is the difference between a symptom and a sign?

Answer 2

Symptom: Patients subjective observation
Sign: Evidence of disease discovered by the physician

Question 3

What is the relationship between incidence and prevalence?

Answer 3

Incidence: Number of new cases/ unit time
Prevalence: Number of people sick at any one time (Incidence x average duration)

Question 4

What is a cyst?

Answer 4

An abnormal, fluid-filled, epithelially-lined, closed structure

Question 5

What is the difference between a true diverticulum and a pseudodiverticulum?

Answer 5

True diverticulum: includes muscle, all 3 layers outpouched (i.e. Meckels, vermiform appendix)
Pseudodiverticulum: mucosa only-outpouches through the muscle (i.e. Zenker’s)

Question 6

What would pyknosis look like?

Answer 6

Single, darkened, small/shriveled nuclei (dead cell)

Question 7

What would karyolysis look like?

Answer 7

NO nucleus, it has already broken up (dead cell)

Question 8

What would karyorrhexis look like?

Answer 8

Multiple, small, broken up nuclei (nuclear dust)

Question 9

What is the difference between a cytolytic and a cytopathic virus?

Answer 9

Cytolytic viruses- Lyses cells while they grow (don’t change morphology)
Cytopathic virus- Causes morphologic changes, hijacks genome

Question 10

What is an amyloid?

Answer 10

Beta-pleated protein accumulation

Question 11

What is systemic Ischemia?

Answer 11

Shock

Hypoxia of whole body, heart cannot pump enough blood

Question 12

What is the difference between dry and wet gangrene?

Answer 12

• Dry- coagulation necrosis (dried up, can’t be hydrolyzed)

* Wet- liquefaction necrosis (infected by hydrolyzing clostridium)

Question 13

What is hemosiderin?

Answer 13

The compact, storage form of iron

Question 14

What is lipofuscin?

Answer 14

A breakdown product of cell membranes (pigment), stored in lysosomes

Question 15

What is the hallmark of irreversible cell injury?

Answer 15

Calcification of mitochondria

Question 16

What is ischemic hypoxia (ischemia)?

What could cause it?

Answer 16

Loss of arterial blood flow

Cause: Occlusion of an artery

Question 17

What is hypoxemia?

Answer 17

Not enough Oxygen in the blood

Question 18

What is histotoxic hypoxia?

What could cause it?

Answer 18

The failure of cytochromes

Caused by CO or cyanide poisoning

Question 19

What is caseous necrosis?

Answer 19

Mass apoptosis leads to dead cells crumbling into “cheese-like” powder (i.e. tuberculosis)

Question 20

What is liquefaction necrosis?

Answer 20

Hydrolysis of proteins leads to pus formation by neutrophils

Question 21

What is enzymatic (fat) necrosis?

Answer 21

Fats are saponified, lipases release FFA from lipids which form salts with Ca++

Question 22

What is coagulation necrosis?

Answer 22

Denaturation/hypoxia of cells-> cytoplasm becomes hyper-eosinophilic. Pyknosis of nuclei.

Question 23

What are inclusion bodies?

Answer 23

Masses of virus observed in the nucleus of cytoplasm

Question 24

What is fatty change?

Answer 24

Accumulation of neutral fat in cells

i.e. in the liver of an alcoholic

Question 25

What is dystrophic calcification?

Answer 25

Accumulation of Ca++ at site of disease

Question 26

What is metastatic calcification?

Answer 26

Precipitation of CaPO4 in healthy tissues due to elevated blood Ca++, PO4, or both

Question 27

What is the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia?

Answer 27

Hypertrophy: Individual cells become larger Hyperplasia: Increase in the number of cells

Question 28

What is a fistula?

Answer 28

An abnormal, epithelially-lined communication between 2 surfaces (i.e. a piercing)

Question 29

What is the difference between atresia and stenosis?

Answer 29

Atresia: Failure of lumen to form Stenosis: Lumen is too narrow

Question 30

What is Forme Fruste?

Answer 30

Mild variant of longstanding, more severe disease

Question 31

What does Pathognomonic mean?

Answer 31

A particular abnormality only found in one disease/condition (i.e. fetal heartbeat is pathognomonic for pregnancy)

Question 32

What are the 4 kinds of biopsies?

Answer 32

* Closed- Tissue obtained wi/out making a surgical incision * Open- Access to tissue via surgery * Incisional- Tissue taken for dx from a larger diseased structure * Excisional-Entire mass/organ taken for dx

Question 33

What is a Becker's nevus?

Answer 33

A patch of dark, hairy skin on the trunk (sensitive to testosterone)

Question 34

What is the most damaging free radical?

Answer 34

Hydroxyl radical (OH)

Question 35

What is a hamartoma?

Answer 35

An odd arrangement of tissue, but in the correct place