Cell Adaptations/Repair/Immuno

Question 1

B cells

Answer 1

Grow in bone marrow, involved in antibody production and memory (humoral)

Question 2

T cells

Answer 2

Grow in thymus

Question 3

Adaptive immune response

Answer 3

B cells are involved in the ____ immune response

Question 4

Innate immunity

Answer 4

Humoral: Complement
Cell-mediated: phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic), mast, NK, basophil, eosinophil, some T cells (gamma-delta and natural killer)

Question 5

Adaptive immunity

Answer 5

Humoral: Antibodies

Cell-mediated: B and T cells

Question 6

Complement

Answer 6

Many different proteins circulating as inactive precursor forms, both innate and adaptive systems
Opsonization, inflammation, cell lysis

Question 7

Classical complement pathway

Answer 7

Requires antibody/antigen complex. Part of adaptive system because specific immune response
C1 binds IgG or IgM that is bound to antigen

Question 8

Lectin complement pathway

Answer 8

Triggered by microbial carbohydrates (MBL binds to mannose on microorganisms)

Question 9

Alternate complement pathway

Answer 9

Microbial products directly activate complement

Question 10

Opsonization

Answer 10

C3b binds to surface of pathogens and enhances phagocytosis (by neuts)

Question 11

Inflammation from complement

Answer 11

C3a (and others) effect chemotaxis and mast cell degranulation resulting in histamine-mediated vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

Question 12

MAC

Answer 12

Complement creates cell lysis when components build a tunnel through pathogen cell membrane

Question 13

NK cells

Answer 13

Kill “irreversibly stressed” cells (infected or tumor), do not require prior exposure/activation

Question 14

Minimal MHC1-self peptide, lots of NK cell-activating ligans

Answer 14

When stressed/abnormal, NK cells switch ratio to

Question 15

Perforins/granzymes

Answer 15

NK cells release

Question 16

Adaptive immunity cells

Answer 16

T cells, B cells, antigen-presenting cells

Question 17

BCR (B cell receptor)

Answer 17

Similar to a membrane-bound antibody, targeted at a (relatively) specific antigen, can be secreted as antibodies when activated

Question 18

Naive B cells

Answer 18

Mature, but no antigen exposure yet, Only able to express surface IgM or IgD

Question 19

Plasma cells

Answer 19

B cell subtype, post exposure to antigen, large amounts of Ab production, apoptosis after antigens cleared

Question 20

Memory cells

Answer 20

Long-lived B cell subtype, allow a faster response than the first time

Question 21

Golgi zone

Answer 21

Pale zone between nucleus and cytoplasm of plasma cell, full of antibody

Question 22

B-cell function

Answer 22

Naive cell expresses surface IgM/IgD. When receptor bound to antigen, it divides into clones, differentiates into plasma cells and memory cells

Question 23

Cellular immunity

Answer 23

T cells need to be physically present to help and therefore are the main component of ____

Question 24

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)

Answer 24

Involved in direct killing of infected cells. Detect nonself antigen being presented by infected cell **typically requires second signal
Recognizes MHC Class I

Question 25

Perforin, granzyme; FAS ligand, sometimes considerable tissue damage

Answer 25

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8) effects

Question 26

Helper T cells (CD4+)

Answer 26

Type of T cell that directs other immune system elements

Question 27

Th1

Answer 27

Helper T cells that attack bacteria, recruits T cells and macrophage ?

Question 28

Th2

Answer 28

Helper T cells that attacks parasites, recruits B cells, eos?

Question 29

CD4 receptor (helper)

Answer 29

HIV targets _____ and then more pathogens can go unrecognized by adaptive immune system

Question 30

viral illness

Answer 30

CD8 cells not activated leads to

Question 31

Bacterial and parasitic illness

Answer 31

B cell class switching doesn't happen leads to

Question 32

Antigen Presenting cells (APC)

Answer 32

Phagocytize antigens, present antigens with MHC and activate T-cells Often migrate to a centralized location (lymph node) to meet T cells

Question 33

Dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells

Answer 33

Professional APCs

Question 34

MHC (HLA)

Answer 34

Main way antigens are presented Family of cell-surface proteins, present antigens to T cells and if its the wrong kind of antigen, T cell activation will ensure

Question 35

MHC Class I

Answer 35

Family of cell-surface proteins, all nucleated cells have Present whatever's in the cell cytoplasm, usually going to be "self" antigens which won't cause trouble, interact with cytotox T cells (CD8) If "nonself" antigens present, I cell activation occurs Good for intracell infections or tumors, problem in transplants, some autoimmune disorders

Question 36

MHC Class II

Answer 36

Present on APCs, together with antigens will activate helper T cells (CD4), present phagocytized particles (present whatever APC phagocytized, not what is in cytoplasm of cell) Recruit the inflammatory response instead of killing cell (recruit helper)

Question 37

Cytokines

Answer 37

Proteins secreted into blood and EC fluid, communicate between cells and environment

Question 38

Cytokines innate immunity

Answer 38

Induce inflammation, inhibit viral replication. Ex IL1, chemokines

Question 39

Cytokines adaptive immunity

Answer 39

Lympocyte proliferation/maturation. Ex IL2, IL4, IFN-gamma, some limit or contain inflammatory process

Question 40

Cytokines hematopoiesis

Answer 40

Increase WBC production, colony-stimulating factors

Question 41

Hyperplasia

Answer 41

Increase in number of cells. Proliferation in response to increased demand/stim - depends on ability to synthesize DNA and divide

Question 42

Hypertrophy

Answer 42

Increase in size of cells, no/limited capacity for division | increased synthesis of cell machinery

Question 43

Atrophy

Answer 43

Decrease in size of cells

Question 44

Metaplasia

Answer 44

Change to cell type better able to withstand stress | Reprogramming of stem/progenitor cells

Question 45

Increase GF, GFR, cells from stem cells

Answer 45

Mechanisms of hyperplasia

Question 46

Causes of cell injury

Answer 46

Hypoxia/ischemia, nutritional imbalances, physical stressor, chemical agent, infectious agent, immunologic process, genetic causes