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Biology 1 > Cell Anatomy > Flashcards

Cell Anatomy Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

nucleus

A

surrounded by nuclear envelope (double membrane) which is perferated by nuclear pores and continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum

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2
Q

ribosome

A

2 subunits made of ribosomal RNA and proteins; can be free in cytosol or bound to ER

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3
Q

endoplasmic reticulim (ER)

A

extensive network of membranes bounded tubules and sacs; membrane separates lumen from cytosol; continuous with nuclear envelope; 2 parts: rough (with ribosomes) and smooth (without ribosomes)

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4
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

stacks of flattened membraneous sacs; has polarity (cis and trans faces)

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5
Q

Lysosome

A

membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes (in animal cells)

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6
Q

vacuole

A

Large membrane-bounded vesicle

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7
Q

mitochondrion

A

Bounded by double membraine; inner membrane has infoldings (cristae)

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8
Q

chloroplast

A

typically two membraines around fluid stroma, which contains thylakiods stacked into grana (in cells of photosynthetic eukaryotes, like plants)

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9
Q

peroxisome

A

specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane

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10
Q

nucleus

A

Houses chromosomes, which are made of chromatin (DNA and proteins); contains nucleoli, where ribosomal subunits are made; nuclear pores regulate entry and exit of materials

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11
Q

ribosome

A

protein synthesis

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12
Q

endoplasmic reticulim (ER)

A

Smooth ER: synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, Ca2+ storage, detoxification of drugs and poisons; Rough ER: aids in synthesis of secretory and other proteins from bound ribosomes; adds carbohydrates to proteins to make glycoproteinsl produces new membrane

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13
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Modification of proteins, carbohydrates on proteins, and phospholipids; synthesis of many polysaccharides; sorting of Golgi products which ar ethen released into vesicles

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14
Q

Lysosome

A

Breakdown of ingested substances, cell macromolecules, and damaged organelles for recycling

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15
Q

vacuole

A

digestion, storage, waste disposal, water balance, cell growth, and protection

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16
Q

mitochondrion

A

cellular respiration

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17
Q

chloroplast

A

photosynthesis

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18
Q

peroxisome

A

contains enzymes that transfer H atoms from substrates to O, producing hydrogen peroxide as a by product which is then converted to water by another enzyme

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19
Q

nucleus

A

double membrane organelle that contains most of the genes in a euk cell

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20
Q

nucleoid

A

the region where DNA is found in prokaryotic cells

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21
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double membrane enclosing the nucleus, perforated by nuclear pores

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22
Q

nuclear lamina

A

a netlike array of protein filaments attached to the inside of the nuclear envelope that mains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope

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23
Q

chromosomes

A

discrete units (long strands) of DNA in the nucleus, proteins help coil it up

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24
Q

chromatin

A

the chromosomes + the proteins that help coil the chromosomes in the nucleus

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25
nucleolus
a clump(s) within the nucleus; synthesizes ribosomal RNA, large and small subunits of ribosomes assembled here
26
ribosomes
complexes made of rRNA and proteins, carry out protein synthesis, can be free or bound
27
rRNA
ribosomal RNA, makes up ribosomes
28
nuclear pore
connects the nucleus to the ER
29
endomembrane system
regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell; includes nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles and vaculoes, and the plasma membrane
30
vesicles
sacs made of membrane
31
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
an extensive network of membranes, attached to the nuclear envelope, smooth and rough ER
32
smooth ER
lacks ribosomes; processes include synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons, storage of calcium ions
33
rough ER
has attached ribosomes; ribosomes create proteins made into glycoproteins to be secreted, secretory proteins depart wrapped in membranes of vesicles that bud from the transitional ER; membrane factory for the cell; makes phospholipids
34
glycoproteins
most secretory proteins are this kind; proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them; the carbohydrates are attached to the proteins in the ER by enzymes built into the ER membrane
35
transport vesicles
vesicles that transit from one part of the cell to another
36
Golgi apparatus
"a warehouse for receiving, sorting, shipping, and some manufacturing" products of the ER are modified, stored, and sent to other destinations
37
cisterna(e)
flattened membraneous sacs, looks like a stack of pita bread
38
faces of Golgi apparatus
cis face (near ER) - receiving; trans face - shipping
39
lysosome
membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest (hydrolyze) macromolecules
40
phagocytosis
cell engulfs a smaller cell/organism or food particle forming a food vacuole which fuses with a lysosome and is digested
41
autophagy
the process by which lysosomes recycle the cell's own material
42
vacuoles
large vesicles derived from the ER and Golgi apparatus; variety of functions; ex: food vacuoles, contractile vacuoles, central vacuole in plant cells, enzymatic hydrolysis in plants
43
food vacuoles
formed in phagocytosis
44
contractile vacuole
pump excess water out of the cell
45
central vacuole
large vacuole found in most plant cells, contains cell sap (contains inorganic ions, water), absorbing water can change the size of the cell
46
mitochondria
the sites of cellular respiration in animal cells, enclosed by a double membrane
47
cristae
the infoldings in the convoluted inner membrane of a mitochondria
48
intermembrane space (mitochondria)
the space between the membranes of a mitochondria
49
mitochondrial matrix
the space inclosed by the inner membrane of a mitochondria; contains enzymes, mitochondrial DNA, and ribosomes
50
chloroplasts
the sites of photosynthesis in plant cells; double membrane; contains the green pigment chlorophyll
51
thylakoids
flattened interconnected sacs in chloroplasts
52
granum (grana)
a stack of thylakoids
53
stroma
the fluid outside the thylakoids, contains enzymes, DNA, and ribosomes
54
plastids
doubled membraned 'sac-like' organelles, generally involved in either the manufacture or storage of food in plant cells; ex: chloroplast
55
peroxisome
a specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane that contains enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms from various substrates and transfer them to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide as a by-product which is then converted to water by enzymes; beta-oxidation
56
endosymbiont theory
theory explaining the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts; these key organelles originiated as symbioses between separare single-celled organisms. Ancient prokaryotic bacteria were engulfed by ancestors of eukaryotic cells and became a cell living within the host cell (an endosymbiont). Mitochondria from non-photosynthetic endosymbionts, and chloroplasts from photosynthetic endosymbionts.
57
evidence supporting endosymbiont theory
mitochondria and cholorplasts: 1) have double membranes 2) contain ribosomes and circular DNA 3) are autonomous
58
cytosol
a semifluid, jellylike substance in which subcellular components are suspended
59
cytoskeleton
a network of fibers that functions in structural support for the cell and in motility and signal transmission; composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
60
cell motility
changes in cell location, and limited movements of parts of the cell; generally requires the interaction of cytoskeleton and motor proteins
61
motor proteins
a class of molecular motors that are able to move along the surface of a suitable substrate
62
microtubules
the thickest filaments of the cytoskeleton, made of tubulin (forms hollow tube); maintains cell shape (resists compression), cell motility (cillia, flagella), chromosome movements in cell division, organelle movements
63
microfilaments (actin filaments)
the thinnest filaments of the cytoskeleton, made of actin (forms 2 twisted strands); maintains cell shape (under tension), changes cell shape, muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming, cell motility (pseudopodia), cell division (cleavage furrow formation)
64
intermediate filaments
the medium sized filaments of the cytoskeleton, made of fibrous proteins coiled into thicker cables; maintains cell shape (tension), anchors nucleus and other organelles, formation of nuclear lamina; more permanent
65
centrosome
"microtubule-organizing center" located near nucleus, found in animal cells
66
centrioles
2 found in centrosome at right angles; churro looking, where the cell's microtubules are initiated
67
flagella
undulating motion, made of microtubules
68
cillia
oar like motion, made of microtubules
69
dyneines
large motor proteins that move flagella and motile cilia; walking motion on one side and holding on to the other side
70
basal body
anchors flagella or cillia to the cell
71
actin
a globular proteins that makes up mircofilaments
72
cortex
a specialized layer of cytoplasm on the inner face of the plasma membrane that functions as a mechanical support of the plasma membrane. In animal cells it is an actin-rich layer responsible for movements of the cell surface
73
myosin (motors)
a motor protein that walks along actin filaments, help change cell shape, contraction of muscle cells, pseudopodia
74
cytoplasmic streaming
a circular flow of cytoplasm within cells (like large plant cells)
75
microvilli
cellular extensions reinforced by bundles of microfilaments
76
examples of mircofilaments (actin filaments) at work
myosin motors in muscle cell contraction; amoeboid movement; cytoplasmic streaming in plants; microvilli
77
extracellular matrix (ECM)
the stuff outside the cell, contains glycoproteins (like collagen) and other carbohydrate-containing molecules secreted by the cell
78
collagen
the most abundant glycoprotein in animal cells, forms strong fibers
79
proteoglycans
embeds collogen in a web, made of small core proteins and many attached carbohydrate chains
80
fibronectin
attaches the ECM to integrins embedded in the plasma membrane
81
integrins
proteins with 2 subunits embedded in the plasma membrane, anchor cell to ECM via fibronectin on one side and on the other side attached to microfilaments, this linkage can transmit signals from outside the cell
82
plasmodesmata
membrane-lined channels filled with cytoplasm that connect plant cells and allow for interaction/communication
83
tight junctions
the closely associated areas of two cells whose membranes join together forming a virtually impermeable barrier to fluid, found in animal cells
84
desmosomes
molecular complexes of cell adhesion proteins and linking proteins that attach the cell surface adhesion proteins to intracellular keratin cytoskeletal filaments; these attach muscle cells to each other in a muscle
85
gap junctions
membrane-lined channels filled with cytoplasm that connect animal cells and allow for interaction/communication, small molecules can pass though

Biology 1 (10 decks)

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