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biology recap > cell and molecular > Flashcards

cell and molecular Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

all cells arise…?

A

from existing cells

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2
Q

true or false, all cells have ribosomes

A

true

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3
Q

what is the advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy?

A

we can visualise dynamic things with light microscopy. with EM, it must be dead.

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4
Q

what does cell fractionation isolate cell components based on?

A

size and density

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5
Q

flagella vs cilia?

A

cilia doesn’t have the motor and hook mechanism

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6
Q

what is a glycocalyx?

A

component of prokaryotes - slimy outer coating

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7
Q

what makes up the endomembrane system?

A

Nucleus
ER
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
plasma membrane

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8
Q

chromatin =?

A

DNA + histones

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9
Q

nucleolus is only visible during?

A

interphase

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10
Q

function of smooth ER?

A

synthesis and transport of lipids and come carbohydrates.

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11
Q

vesicles from the ER enter at the _____ face of the golgi and leave by the _____ face

A

cis, trans

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12
Q

mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own?

A

DNA and ribosomes

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13
Q

which cytoskeleton component makes up flagella and cilia?

A

microtubules

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14
Q

which cytoskeleton component does phagocytosis?

A

microfilaments

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15
Q

list cytoskeleton components from biggest to smallest

A

microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments

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16
Q

phospholipids have a ______ backbone

A

glycerol

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17
Q

true or false, not all membrane proteins are fluid

A

true

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18
Q

extracellular matrix is only found in?

A

animals

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19
Q

_________ detect changes in matrix and relay info to the cell

A

integrins

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20
Q

what links the ECM to the cell?

A

Fibronectin

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21
Q

double bonds in bilayer __________ fluidity

A

increases

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22
Q

cholesterol in animals ________ fluidity unless ___________

A

decreases, it is really cold, then it acts as a fluidity buffer.

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23
Q

only eukaryotes have membrane enclosed organelles

A

true

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24
Q

how are phospholipids made?

A

ER > golgi > membrane

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25
cell junctions in animals vs plants
animals have tight, gap and desmosomes plants have plasmodesmata
26
desmosomes and plasmodesmata have?
intermediate filaments spanning the cell
27
all active transport proteins are carrier proteins, but?
not all carrier proteins are active transport
28
true or false, a carrier protein has its conformation altered and therefore affinity for a molecule altered during its binding process
true
29
true or false, facilitative fusion is highly selective
true
30
rate of transport across membranes is limited by?
number of membrane proteins
31
what is pinocytosis?
cell drinking, and is non-selective
32
describe the selectivity of receptor mediated endocytosis
highly selective
33
true or false, all enzymes are proteins
no, some are RNA
34
true or false, transcription factors are proteins
true
35
secondary protein structure is stabilised by?
H bonds between adjacent amino acids.
36
true or false, interactions between R groups of amino acids determine secondary protein structure
false, only interactions between AA backbones
37
beta sheet strands form due to?
H bonds forming between O and H of neighbouring molecules makes core of globular proteins
38
what is the type of covalent bond that determines tertiary structure?
disulphide bridge between 2 cysteine
39
role of chaperonins?
provides optimum environment for folding of proteins
40
true or false, chaperonins can also mark proteins for destruction or refold them
true, along with other systems
41
chaperonins are like?
putting a protein in the oven
42
denaturation is destruction of what structures?
2°, 3°, 4 breakage of all bonds other than peptide
43
hydrolysis breaks down what structure of protein?
1°
44
what is renaturation?
proteins can sometimes refold when the denaturing agent is removed, which proves all info for folding is in 1° structure
45
what are ribozymes?
RNA enzymes
46
every enzyme has an optimal?
temp and pH
47
what is allosteric regulation?
when a non-enzyme molecule binds to an enzyme NOT on the active site and changes affinity of substrate for enzyme (activation or inhibition)
48
how is a metabolic pathway turned off allosterically?
end product of the pathway binds to one of the first enzymes, and inhibits its activity.
49
types of nucleic acids?
cAMP ATP DNA and RNa
50
a nucleotide contains?
pentose, phophate, nitrogenous base joined with phosphodiester bonds
51
sugar phosphate backbone runs?
5' to 3', so to the end the OH group of the pentose is on.
52
in bacteria, DNA is?
circular
53
which RNA is most stable and makes up most cellular RNA?
rRNA
54
mRNA features
synthesised rapidly and present in small amounts conveys info from nucleus
55
function of tRNA?
translates nucleotide sequence of mRNA into AA during protein synthesis
56
what enzyme proofreads and corrects DNA mistakes?
DNA polymerase
57
what causes the shortening of DNA as it replicates?
last RNA primer cannot be replaced, because there is no 3' end to add new nucleotides to.
58
what protects DNA from being lost aka shortened
telomeres (regions at the end of chromosomes in place of the last RNA primer)
59
what is the process of making new amino acids?
transcription in nucleus RNA processing in nucleus if eukaryote translation at the ribosome
60
stages of transcription?
initiation elongation termination
61
what is the sign to terminate in transcription?
prokaryotic cells: terminator sequence eukaryotic: poly attenuation signal sequence
62
why is gene overlap good?
efficiency
63
during translation, which part of the ribosome contains the attachment site?
the small subunit
64
large ribosomal subunit binds _________ mRNA binds, and this uses _______
after, GTP
65
at termination of amino acid synthesis at the ribosome, what binds antiparallel to the stop codon?
a release factor
66
how does termination happen at AA synthesis at the ribosome?
via hydrolysis
67
how does transcription and translation occur in bacteria?
they are coupled, as there is no requirement for RNA processing as a barrier.
68
ribsome only detecting triplets at a time overcomes?
only having 4 nucleotides and having to make heaps of genes
69
true or false, genetic code is universal
true
70
what are mutagens?
they induce mutations
71
sickle cell disease is an example of a _________ mutation
missense, small scale mutation
72
what are transcription factors?
they initiate and regulate transcription in eukaryotic cells
73

biology recap (3 decks)

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