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Developmental Biology > CELL and the CELL CYCLE > Flashcards

CELL and the CELL CYCLE Flashcards

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1
Q

the basic unit of life and the
structural and functional building
block of all living organisms.

A

Cell

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2
Q

The CELL THEORY

A
  1. All living organisms are composed
    of one or more cells
  2. The cell is the basic unit of structure
    and organization in organisms
  3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells
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3
Q

is a thin,
flexible barrier that surrounds
the cell and separates its
internal components from the
external environment.

A

CELL MEMBRANE

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4
Q

• It controls the movement of
substances in and out of the
cell, maintaining its internal
environment.

A

CELL MEMBRANE

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5
Q

is a gel-like
substance that fills the cell
between the nucleus and the cell
membrane.

A

CYTOPLASM

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6
Q

• It contains various organelles and
is the site for many cellular
processes, including metabolic
reactions, protein synthesis, and
transport of molecules.

A

CYTOPLASM

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7
Q

Powerhouse of the cell

A

MITOCHONDRIA

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8
Q

They generate energy in the form
of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
through a process called cellular
respiration.

A

MITOCHONDRIA

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9
Q

Is the primary energy source
used by cells to carry out their
functions.

A

ATP

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10
Q

a network of membranous
tubules and sacs that extends
throughout the cytoplasm.

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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11
Q

A type of ER which is covered
with ribosomes and involved in
protein synthesis

A

Rough ER

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12
Q

A type of ER which is involved in
lipid synthesis, detoxification,
and calcium storage.

A

Smooth ER

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13
Q

responsible for
modifying, sorting, and packaging
proteins and lipids into vesicles for
transport to their final destinations.

A

GOLGI APPARATUS

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14
Q

Golgi Apparatus is consists of flattened membranous
sacs called __________.

A

Cisternae

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15
Q

is a membrane-
bound organelle involved in the
process of exocytosis, which is the
release of substances from a cell.

A

SECRETORY VESICLES

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16
Q

are small
membrane-bound organelles
involved in various metabolic
processes.

A

PEROXISOME

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17
Q

They play a role in detoxification
reactions, breakdown of fatty
acids, and the synthesis of certain
lipids.

A

PEROXISOME

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18
Q

It consists of two
centrioles, which are cylindrical
structures composed of microtubules.

A

CENTROSOME

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19
Q

The centrosome is surrounded by a
protein-rich matrix called _________.

A

Pericentriolar material (PCM)

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20
Q

are membrane-bound
organelles that contain digestive
enzymes.

A

LYSOSOMES

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21
Q

They break down waste materials,
cellular debris, and foreign
substances that enter the cell.

A

LYSOSOMES

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22
Q

involved in cellular
recycling and the removal of
damaged organelles.

A

LYSOSOMES

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23
Q

are responsible for
protein synthesis.

A

RIBOSOMES

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24
Q

They can be found either free in the
cytoplasm or attached to the
endoplasmic reticulum.

A

RIBOSOMES

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25
control center of the cell.
NUCLEUS
26
It contains the cell's genetic material, including DNA, which carries the instructions for cell growth, development, and reproduction.
NUCLEUS
27
is a double membrane that surrounds the nucleus.
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
28
It acts as a barrier, separating the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
29
are present in the nuclear envelope, allowing selective passage of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
NUCLEAR PORES
30
is the gel-like substance that fills the nucleus
NUCLEOPLASM
31
provides a medium for the suspension of various components within the nucleus.
NUCLEOPLASM
32
is a distinct region within the nucleus involved in the production and assembly of ribosomes.
Nucleolus
33
refers to the complex of DNA, proteins, and RNA found within the nucleus.
CHROMATIN
34
• It undergoes various levels of condensation and decondensation to regulate gene expression.
CHROMATIN
35
primary component of a chromosome
DNA
36
are two identical copies of a chromosome that are held together by a region called the centromere.
Chromatids
37
Is a specialized region of a chromosome where the two chromatids are attached. It is responsible for ensuring proper separation of chromatids during cell division.
Centromere
38
are protective structures located at the ends of chromosomes. They consist of repetitive DNA sequences and play a crucial role in preserving the integrity and stability of chromosomes
Telomeres
39
is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to duplication of its DNA and division of cytoplasm & organelles to produce daughter cells.
Cell Cycle
40
is a critical stage in the cell cycle that occurs between cell divisions.
Interphase
41
It represents the period when the cell is not actively dividing but is engaged in various metabolic activities and preparing for cell division.
Interphase
42
3 Subphases of Interphase
1. G1 phase 2. S phase 3. G2 phase
43
During this phase, the cell grows in size, synthesizes proteins, and carries out its normal functions.
G1 phase
44
It is a period of intense metabolic activity, and the cell prepares for DNA replication.
G1 phase
45
A phase where the cell undergoes DNA replication or synthesis.
S phase
46
During this phase, the cell continues to grow, synthesize proteins, and prepare for cell division.
G2 phase
47
serves as a checkpoint to ensure that the cell is ready for mitosis.
G2 phase
48
• It is a crucial part of the cell cycle where the parent cell divides into two daughter cells.
M phase
49
4 main phases of M phase
1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase followed by cytokinesis
50
During this phase the chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes. • The nuclear membrane disassembles, and the mitotic spindle apparatus begins to form. • Centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell, and spindle fibers extend from them.
Prophase
51
the condensed chromosomes align along the equatorial plate or metaphase plate, an imaginary plane at the center of the cell. • The spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores located at the centromere region of each chromosome.
Metaphase
52
is characterized by the separation of sister chromatids. The spindle fibers contract, pulling the sister chromatids apart toward opposite poles of the cell. • This ensures that each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes.
Anaphase
53
the separated chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell. • They start to decondense, and new nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes. • The mitotic spindle apparatus disassembles, and the cell prepares for cytokinesis.
Telophase
54
is the final stage of the M phase and involves the physical division of the cytoplasm, organelles, and cellular components to form two daughter cells.
Cytokinesis
55
is a specialized type of cell division that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms. • It involves the production of gametes (sperm and eggs) with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Meiosis
56
it ensures the proper distribution of genetic material and contributes to genetic diversity in offspring.
Meiosis
57
the chromosomes condense, and homologous chromosomes pair up to form structures called tetrads. • Crossing over occurs between non -sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes, resulting in the exchange of genetic material and genetic recombination.
Prophase I
58
Tetrads align at the metaphase plate, an imaginary plane in the center of the cell. • Each tetrad attaches to spindle fibers originating from opposite poles of the cell. • The orientation of the tetrads is random, contributing to genetic diversity.
Metaphase I
59
The homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cell, guided by the spindle fibers.
Anaphase I
60
The chromosomes reach the poles of the cell, and the cell divides into two daughter cells. • nuclear envelopes form around each set of chromosomes. • Each daughter cell contains only one set of chromosomes but with duplicated chromatids.
Telophase I and Cytokinesis I
61
The nuclear envelope breaks down again, and chromosomes recondense. • A new spindle apparatus forms in each daughter cell.
Prophase II
62
The duplicated chromosomes align at the metaphase plate, similar to metaphase in mitosis. • Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of sister chromatids.
Metaphase II

Developmental Biology (5 decks)

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