CELL AND TISSUES Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
The basic structural and functional unit of life capable of performing series of physical and chemical processes necessary for their survival —metabolism
A
Cell
2
Q
2 Phases of Metabolism
A
- Anabolism (Constructive phase)
- Catabolism (Destructive phase)
3
Q
Anabolism (constructive phase)
A
Carbohydrate, protein, lipid, and steroid sythesis in RER and SER
4
Q
Glycolysis/glycogen breakdown in the liver and skeletal muscle to produce glucose upon action of glucagon
A
Catabolism (destructive phase)
5
Q
Collective term for different substances that make up a cell
A
Protoplasm
6
Q
5 Basic Substances of Protoplasm
A
- Water/H2O
- Electrolytes
- Proteins
- Lipids
- Carbohydrates
7
Q
Principal fluid medium, constituting 70-85% (3/4) of cell mass
A
Water/H2O
8
Q
Provide inorganic chemical for cellular reactions
A
Electrolytes
9
Q
Electrolytes (most important) (2)
A
- Cations
- Anions
10
Q
Positively charged
A
Cations
11
Q
Cations contain positive charges including: (4)
A
Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++
12
Q
Negatively charged
A
Anions
13
Q
Anions contain negative charnges including: (4)
A
Cl-, HCO3-, PO4-,SO4-
14
Q
Most abundant substance next to water, constituting 10-20% of cell mass
A
Proteins
15
Q
2 Forms of proteins that gave been recognized
A
- Structural protein
- Globular protein
16
Q
Fibrillar forms
A
Structural proteins
17
Q
Composed of individual protein molecules and are usually globular forms
A
Globular proteins
18
Q
Most important of which are phospholipids and cholesterol, constituting 2% of cell mass; are used to form cell membrane (lipid bilayer)
A
Lipids
19
Q
Constituting 70-85% (3/4) of cell mass
A
Water
20
Q
Costituting 10-20% of cell mass
A
Proteins
20
Q
Constituting 2% of cell mass
A
Lipids
21
Q
Under lipids is?
A
Triglycerides/neutral fats
22
Q
Storage form of lipid in fat cells
A
Triglycerides/neutral fats
23
Q
Have little structural function (glycocalyx of cell membrane) but provide most of the nutritional requirement of cell
A
Carbohydrates
24
Under carbohydrates are?
1. Glucose
2. Glycogen
25
Simplest form of carbohydrate for cellular metabolism and production of energy
Glucose
26
Storage form of carbohydrate in the liver, skeletal muscle (pancreas)
Glycogen
27
Parts of an Animal cell
1. Cell membrane
2. Nucleus
a. Chromosome/chromatin granule
b. Nucleolus
c. Nuclear envelope
3. Cytoplasm and its organelles
a. Mitochondrion
b. Lysosome and peroxisome
c. SER/agranilar ER
d. Free ribosome
e. Golgi complex
f. Centriole
4. Cytoskeleton
a. Microtubule
b. Intermediate filaments
c. Actin filaments (smallest)
28
Cell membrane is made up of?
lipid bilayer and glycocalyx
29
Regulates influx and efflux of cytoplasmic substances
Cell membrane
30
Spheroidal body within a cell
Nucleus
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Contains gene/ DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Chromosome/ chromatin granule
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Contains RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Nucleolus
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Porous double membrane enclosing nucleoplasm contents (nucleoplasm – fluid component of nucleus)
Nuclear envelope
34
Powerhouse; produces energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), forming a total of 36 ATP per complete cycle
Mitochondrion
35
_____ (as suicidal bag) and _____ (both regarded as cytoplasmic vacuoles) contain _____ and _____,respectively, enzymes which bind to and destroy microorganisms and foreign agents during phagocytosis
Lysosome (suicidal bag), Peroxisome, hydrolase, oxidase
36
(lipid, steroid and carbohydrate syntheses)
SER/agranular ER
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(protein synthesis)
RER/granular ER
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Protein synthesis
Free ribosome
39
As packaging center; also for synthesis of large carbohydrate molecules
Golgi complex
40
Guides spindle fibers during mitosis and meiosis
Centrioles
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Protein tubules which reinforce cell shape by holding organelles in proper position and support the whole structure
Cytoskeletons
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For movement control and some aspect of mitosis
Microtubule
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(smallest)
Actin filaments
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Aggregate of cells with similar and coordinated functions
Tissues
45
Essential Components of Tissues
1. Cell
2. Intercelllular substance
3. Junctional complex
46
Junctional complex (5)
a. hemidesmosome
b. desmosome
c. gap junction
d. zonula adherens
e. zonula occludens/ tight junction
47
Anchors cell to basement membrane
Hemidesmosome
48
Anchors cell to cell
Desmosome
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Communicating junction
Gap junction
50
Adhering junction
Zonula adherens
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Impemeable junction
Zonula occludens/tight junction
52
Fiber-secreting cells in connecting tissues
Fibroblasts
53
Classication of Tissues (4)
1. Epithelial/Epithelium
2. Connective Tissues
3. Muscular Tissues
4. Nervous Tissues
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2 types of Epithelium
a. Simple epithelium
b. Stratified epithelium
55
Sheet-like tissues with a free border facing the outside environment or a body fluid
Epithelial/Epithelium
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Has single layer of cells; lines body cavities, tubes and ducts (mesothelium, endothelium)
Simple epithelium
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Has 2 or more layers; for protection (skin)
Stratified epithelium
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Types and Distributions: (EPI)
a. Simple squamous
b. Simple cuboidal
c. Simple columnar
d. Stratified squamous
e. Pseudostratified
f. Transitional
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Inner lining of blood and lymph vessels, heart, airsacs of lungs, pleura, peritoneum (mesothelium, endothelium)
Simple squamous
60
Ducts, secretory part of small glands, retina, kidney tubules, ovaries, testes, bronchioles
Simple cuboidal
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Ducts, glands, gut, part of uterus, small bronchi
Simple columnar
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Epidermis
Stratified squamous
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Mid-respiratory passages (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium – non keratinized)
Pseudostratified
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Renal pelvis of kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
Transitional
65
Types of Connective Tissue Fibers (3)
a. collagen fibers
b. elastic fibers
c. reticular fibers
65
The most abundant and widely distributed of all tissues in complex animals; connect and support other tissues (classified according to fibroblast distribution and type of fibers present
Connective Tissues
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Have collagens, which are long, flexible but not stretchable fiber
Collagen fibers
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Have elastins, which are stretchable fibers (but not strong)
Elastic fibers
68
Have reticulins, which are similar to collagen fibers, but are thin and delicate
Reticular fibers
69
Types and Distributions: (CT)
a. Soft connective:
i. Loose Connective
ii. Dense Irregular
iii. Dense Regular
b. Specialized
70
Has fibers and fibroblast (secreting fibers) all loosely arranged in a semifluid ground substance
Loose Connective
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Has fibroblasts and many collagen fibers- on skin; forms protective capsule around organs that do not stretch much
Dense Irregular
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Fibroblasts occur in rows between many parallel bundles of fibers – tendon
Dense Regular
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Specialized:
Adipose, cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage), bone, blood, hematopoietic & lymphatic tissues, (tendon, ligament), blood vessel wall, bronchial wall, trachea
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(in all types of connective tissues, except _____, fibroblasts secrete fibers of structural proteins: ___,___,___)
Blood, collagen, elastin or reticulin
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Tissues capable of contraction – forceful shortening of muscle fibers in response to stimulation from the outside
Muscular Tissues
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Muscular Tissues contain (3)
a. Skeletal
b. Smooth
c. Cardiac
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(Striated, voluntary) – muscle attached to bones
Skeletal Muscles
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(Striated, involuntary) – muscle in myocardial layer of heart
Cardiac Muscles
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(Non-striated, involuntary) – gastro-intestinal, bronchial, biliary, blood vessel
Smooth Muscles
80
(striations due to presence of _____ and _____; voluntary under _____ control; involuntary under _____ control; smooth muscle are _____; skeletal has _____; cardiac has _____ and _____)
A/ dark bands, I/ light bands
CNS, ANS
Fusiform/ spindle-shaped
Multinucleated cylindrical fibers
Branching fibers, Intercalated discs
81
tissues which exert the greatest control over the body’s responsiveness to changing conditions (have property of _____– ability to respond to any forms of stimuli)
Nervous Tissues
Irritability
82
Nervous Tissues (6)
a. Neurons
b. Neuroglia
c. Astrocytes
d. Oligodendroglia
e. Microglia
f. Schwann cells (lemocytes)
83
Excitable cells which form communication lines in most of the nervous system(cell body, axon, dendrite)
Neurons
84
Support and protect neurons structurally and metabolically(more numerous than neurons)
Neuroglia
85
(well-developed neuroglia) – long, star-shaped cells with numerous, highly-branched processes
Astrocytes
86
Small cells with scanty cytoplasm, surround nerve cells (oligodendrocyte – secretes myelin sheath in CNS)
Oligodendroglia
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Phagocytic; fixed macrophage of the brain
Microglia
88
Secretes myelin sheath in PNS
Schwann cells (lemocytes)
