Cell Bio Flashcards
(33 cards)
Carbohydrates
Sugars Molecules
One of the three main nutrients found in foods and drinks
The body breaks down carbohydrates into glucose which is the main source of energy for your body’s cells
Starches
Fibers
Lipids
Organic compounds that are insoluble in water
Fatty Acids
Wax
Oil
Proteins
Enzymes
Antibodies
Hormones
Lots and lots of ones we need to know??
Nucleic Acids
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
Phosphorylation
The attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule or an ion
Glycosylation
Carbohydrate is covalently attached to a target macromolecule, typically proteins and lipids
Ubiquitylation
Attaching ubiquitin, a small protein found in almost all tissues of eukaryotic organisms, to another target protein
Cleavage
Series of mitotic divisions whereby the enormous volume of egg cytoplasm is divided (Cleaved) into numerous smaller, nucleated cells
Glycolysis
A series of reactions that extract energy from glucose by splitting it into two three-carbon molecules called pyruvates
Gluconeogenesis
A process that transforms non-carbohydrate substrates (such as lactate, amino acids, and glycerol) into glucose
Kreb Cycle
A sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration. It takes place in the mitochondria, consuming oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products, and converting ADP to energy-rich ATP
Oxidative
relating to the process or result of oxidizing or being oxidized
Phosphorylation
The attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule or an ion
Calvin Cycle (AKA C3 Cycle)
A set of chemical reactions performed by plants to reduce carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose
Light-dependent photosynthetic reactions
A series of biochemical reactions in photosynthesis requiring light energy that is captured by light-absorbing pigments (such as chlorophyll) to be converted into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH)
Fermentation products
https://biologydictionary.net/fermentation/ Go to this link to fill out this slide. I don’t feel like it rn
Ethanol
Lactic Acid
C3 Metabolism
The light energy is captured by the non-cyclic electron transport process which uses the thylakoid membranes for the required electron transport. About 85% of plant species are C3 plants.
Day
C4 Metabolism
Initial carbon fixation takes place in mesophyll cells and the Calvin cycle takes place in bundle-sheath cells. PEP carboxylase attaches an incoming carbon dioxide molecule to the three-carbon molecule PEP, producing oxaloacetate (a four-carbon molecule).
Sometimes
CAM Metabolism
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a temporally controlled, inorganic carbon-concentrating mechanism that improves water-use efficiency (WUE) by shifting all or part of CO2 uptake from the day to the night when air: leaf water vapor pressure deficits are lower compared with the day
Night, deserts
Membrane structure
The thin layer that forms the outer boundary of a living cell or of an internal cell compartment
The phospholipid bilayer
Polar membrane
Membrane Composition
The main components of biological membranes are proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates in variable proportions
Membrane Function
A barrier keeping the constituents of the cell in and unwanted substances out
A gate allows transport into the cell of essential nutrients and movement from the cell of waste products.
Transport Across Membranes
Active transport = energy
Passive transport = no energy
Apoptosis
The death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth or development
