Cell Biology - 1.1, 1.2, 1.3

Question 1

Look at diagrams in jotter for cell ultrastructure.

Answer 1

Revise plant, animal, fungal, bacterial

Question 2

What is the function of the cell wall?

Answer 2

Outer layer of plant, fungal and bacterial cells, helps support the cell.

Question 3

What is the function of the mitochondrian?

Answer 3

Main site of ATP production in aerobic respiration in animal, plant and fungal cells.

Question 4

What is the function of a chloroplast?

Answer 4

Makes carbohydrates on green plant cells, using light energy in the process of photosynthethis.

Question 5

What is the function of the cell membrane?

Answer 5

A selectively permeable membrane that controls the entry and exit of substances such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose and waste to and from cells.

Question 6

What is function of the cytoplasm?

Answer 6

Stores the cell organelles and site of chemical reactions.

Question 7

What is function of the vacuole?

Answer 7

Membrane-bound sacs that store a solution of water, salts and sugars and helps support plant and fungal cells.

Question 8

What is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 8

Contains genetic information (DNA) in animal, plant, and fungal cells to control cell activities.

Question 9

What is the function of a ribosome?

Answer 9

Site of protein synthesis in cells.

Question 10

What is the function of a plasmid?

Answer 10

A small ring of genetic material found in bacterial cells.

Question 11

What cell structures does a plant cell have?

Answer 11

cell wall, mitochondrion, chloroplast, cell membrane, cytoplasm, vacuole, nucleus, ribosome.

Question 12

What cell structures does an animal cell have?

Answer 12

mitochondrion, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, ribosome.

Question 13

What cell structures does a fungal cell have?

Answer 13

cell wall, mitochondrion, cell membrane, cytoplasm, vacuole, nucleus, ribosome.

Question 14

What cell structures does a bacterial cell have?

Answer 14

cell wall, cell membrane, ribosome and plasmid, cytoplasm

Question 15

What material is the cell wall made from in plant cells?

Answer 15

cellulose

Question 16

What is the difference between a plant and a fungal cell?

Answer 16

their cell walls are made of different materials (fungal cell is made of chitin) Only the plant cell has chloroplasts

Question 17

What are the similarities between a plant and a fungal cell?

Answer 17

They both have cell wall, mitochondrion, cell membrane, cytoplasm, vacuole, nucleus, ribosome.

Question 18

What is the difference between a plant and a bacterial cell?

Answer 18

Bacterial cells are made from peptidoglycan.

Question 19

What does the cell membrane consist of?

Answer 19

Phospholipids and protein

Question 20

What is the cell membrane?

Answer 20

selectively permeable

Question 21

What do different concentrations exist between?

Answer 21

cells and their environment.

Question 22

What does passive transport occur down?

Answer 22

a concentration gradient

Question 23

What does passive transport not require?

Answer 23

energy

Question 24

What are some examples of passive transport?

Answer 24

diffusion and osmosis

Question 25

What is diffusion?

Answer 25

the movement of molecules down a concentration gradient from a higher to a lower concentration.

Question 26

Explain the diffusion of oxygen.

Answer 26

The air that is breathed into the lungs is high in oxygen. The blood that has been brought to the lungs is low in oxygen the oxygen will then move from a high concentration in the lungs to a low concentration in the surrounding blood.

Question 27

Explain the diffusion of carbon dioxide.

Answer 27

The blood that arrives at the lungs is high in the waste substance carbon dioxide. The air that is breathed in is low in carbon dioxide. Therefore the high concentration of carbon dioxide in the lungs and it will then be breathed out to a lower concetration.

Question 28

Explain the diffusion of glucose.

Answer 28

the glucose moves from high concentration in the small intestine to a lower concentration in the blood by diffusion.

Question 29

What is osmosis?

Answer 29

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a higher water concentration to a lower water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.

Question 30

If a red blood cell (animal cell) is placed in a solution that has a higher water concentration than their cytoplasm what will happen?

Answer 30

The cell will gain water and eventually burst

Question 31

If a red blood cell (animal cell) is placed in a solution that has a lower water concentration than their cytoplasm what will happen?

Answer 31

The cell will lose water and shrink

Question 32

What can plant cells become as a result of osmosis?

Answer 32

they can become turgid or plasmolysed

Question 33

If a plant cell is placed in a solution that has a higher water concentration than the inside of the cell what will happen?

Answer 33

Water will move into the cell and cause the cell to swell and become turgid.

Question 34

If a plant cell is placed in a solution that has a lower water concentration than the inside of the cell what will happen?

Answer 34

Water will move out of the cell and cause the cell to shrink and become plasmolysed.

Question 35

If a plant cell is placed in a solution that has the same water concentration than the inside of the cell what will happen?

Answer 35

The same amount of water will move into the cell as out of the cell. This will cause the cell to stay the same.

Question 36

Why does a plant cell not burst when it takes in water by osmosis?

Answer 36

The cell wall stop the cell from bursting (this is why the animal cell bursts, because it doesn't have a cell wall)

Question 37

In osmosis what does water move through?

Answer 37

a selectively-permeable membrane

Question 38

What is a concentration gradient?

Answer 38

the difference in concentration between two solutions of the same substance.

Question 39

What does passive transport involve?

Answer 39

The overall movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. This process does not require energy

Question 40

What is active transport?

Answer 40

the movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration against the concentration gradient. (requires energy)

Question 41

What is active transport energy supplied by?

Answer 41

ATP

Question 42

What is active transport energy carried out by?

Answer 42

proteins in the cell membrane called protein pumps.

Question 43

What does active transport require energy for?

Answer 43

membrane proteins to move molecules and ions against the concentration gradient.

Question 44

What is the structure of DNA?

Answer 44

a double-stranded helix held by complementary base pairs.

Question 45

What does DNA carry?

Answer 45

the genetic information for making proteins.

Question 46

What are the four bases of DNA called?

Answer 46

adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine (A, C, G and T)

Question 47

In the double strand what bases are paired with each other?

Answer 47

A is always paired with T and C is always paired with G.

Question 48

What is the sequence of bases along a strand called?

Answer 48

the genetic code

Question 49

What does the base sequence determine?

Answer 49

amino acid sequence in proteins.

Question 50

What is a gene?

Answer 50

a section of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a protein.

Question 51

What is messenger RNA?

Answer 51

is a molecule that carries a complementary copy of the genetic code from the DNA, in the nucleus, to a ribosome, where the protein is assembled from amino acids.

Question 52

What is passive transport and what do we need it for?

Answer 52

passive transport is the overall movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to and area of low concentration, it does not require energy. We need passive transport so that oxygen and glucose can enter the body and so that carbon dioxide and waste can leave.