Cell biology Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
Eukaryotes
A
Eu means true and Karyon means nucleus
DNA is contained wihtin a membrane bound nucleus
- arranged as multiple chromosomes
Organelles are present and membrane-bound
Can be either single celled or multicellular
- most eukaryotes are multicellular
Includes protists (no longer considered a group of eukaryotes, easier to fit them into smaller groups), fungi, plants and animals
2
Q
What do eukaryotes include?
A
Fungi, Plants and animals
3
Q
DNA of Eukaryotes
A
Dna is contained iwthin a membrane bound nucleus
- arranged as multiple chromosomes
4
Q
Organelles of eukaryotes
A
Present and membrane bound
5
Q
Are eukaryotes multicellular or unicellular
A
Can be either unicellular or mutlicellular, but most euk. are mutlicellular
6
Q
Prokaryotes
A
Pro means before, karyon means nucleus
- DNA is not enclosed within a membrane
- chromosome is single and circular and exists within a specific region of the cell called the nucleoid
They do not have membrane bound organelles such as mitochondria
Single celled organisms only
- bacteria and archaea
7
Q
Prokaryotes include
A
Bacteria and archaea
8
Q
DNA of prokaryotes
A
DNA is not encolsed within a membrane
- chromosomes are single and circular - exist in a specific region of the called called the nucleoid
9
Q
What do prokaryotes lack that eukaryotes have?
A
Prokaryotes do not have membrane bound organelles such as mitochondria and the DNA isn’t membrane bound, so prokaryotes DNA is in a region called the nucleoid
- they are also single celled only! (includes bacteria and archaea
10
Q
Morphology means…?
- what are the different morphologies
A
means shape
Shapes: Bacillus, coccus (diplococci, streptococci and staphylococci), and spirillum (spirochete and spirilla)
11
Q
What are are the different bacterial morphologies and their examples
A
- Coccus: spherical
- Diplococci - 2 cocci
- Staphylococci - looks like grape
- Streptococcus - coccus arranged in chains
ex. Streptococcus pyogenes - Bacillus: rods
ex.Escherichia coli aka E.coli - Spirillum: Spiral
- Spirochete: long, flexible
ex. Treponema pallidum
12
Q
Streptococcus pyogenes shape
A
Streptococcus (a cocci shape)
13
Q
Coccus and the different cocci, provide an example
A
Spherical
- Diplococci
- Staphylococcus
- Streptococcus
ex. Streptococcus pyogenes or Streptococcus mutans (capsulated and in our teeth)
14
Q
Escherichia coli shape
A
Bacillus (rods)
15
Q
Bacillus
A
Rods
ex. Escherichia coli
16
Q
Treponema pallidum shape
A
Spirillum
17
Q
Spirillum
A
Spiral
- Spirochete: long, flexible
- Hellical shaped organism: typically short, rigid, not a lot of flexibility
ex. Treponema pallidum
18
Q
Name the outermost layer of bacterium
A
Glycocalyx (sugar coat)
19
Q
Glycocalyx
A
Sugar coat
- gelatinous, sticky polymer (if sticky better chance to stick to surface)
- Can be composed of either polysaccaride, protein or both
- when its made of only sugar, its called an extracellular polysaccaride
- Secreted from the prokaryote onto the outside of the cell wall
Arrangement could be different so there’s two different kinds, can be either a capsule or slime layer
20
Q
When the glycocalyx is only a sugar then what is it?
A
An extracellular polysaccaride
21
Q
What are the two different kinds of glycocalyx
A
The way they’re going to be arranged is going to be different
1. Capsule: when the substance of the glycocalyx is firmly attached to the cell wall and organized (organized sugar layer - tight on surface)
2. Slime layer: when the substance of the glycocalyx is disorganized and only loosely attached to the cell wall
22
Q
Capsule
A
when the substance of the glycocalyx is firmly attached to the cell wall and organized (organized sugar layer - tight on the surface)
Capsules contribute to an organisms virulence
- does so by protecting the organism from phagocytosis (= important for immune defense)
- Certain organisms such as Bacillus anthracis can only cause disease if they are encapsulated
The capsule also allows the organism to adhere to and colonize host cells (eating a lot, replicating a lot, producing a lot of acids when metabolizing)
Also protects the bacterial cell against dehydration and holds nutrients inside the cell
23
Q
explain virulence and capsules
A
is the ability to cause disease
- the capsule of an organism contributes to their virulence b/c the bacteria can adhere and colonize host cells
24
Q
Streptococcus mutans are an example of
A
encapsulated organisms
- Streptococcus mutans attaches to teeth and may cause cavities
- some organisms such as Streptococcus mutans may use their capsule as an energy source, breaking down the sugars when energy sources are low (use the stuff left on your teeth/mouth as nutrients)
25
*Bacillus anthracis*
can only cause disease if they are encapsulated (capsules as an external structure)
26
Slime layer
when the substance of the glycocalyx is disorganized and only loosely attached to the cell wall
27
- Describe Flagella of prokaryotes
- name the parts of flagella
- name the different flagellar arrangements
- What are flagellar proteins and their purpose?
- The types of flagellar movement and what it depends on
found on some prokaryotic cells
- long, filamentous, used for motility
**Composed of three primary parts**
1. filament
2. hook
3. basal body
**Flagellar arrangements**
1. peritrichous
2. monotrichous
3. lophotrichous
4. amphitrichous
**Flagellar proteins** are used to differentiate between strains of different bacteria
- Example:* E.coli* 0157:H7 (0157 = the strain thats found on cows and the H7 is the type of flagellar protein)
Flagella can rotate either clockwise or counterclockwise
- run/swim and tumble
- Taxis: chemotaxis and phototaxis
- This flagellar movement depends on energy production
28
3 primary parts of flagella
**1. Filament:** composed of the circular flagellin
protein (lots) forming a helix around a hollow core
- Is not covered by a sheath
**2. Hook:** (= flexibility) made of different protein than the flagella (diff protein, diff location, diff function)
**3. Basal body:** anchors the flagellum (fasten and attached to a more stabilized structure)
29
Filament
A primary part of flagella (an external structure)
Filament: composed of the circular flagellin
protein forming a helix around a hollow core
* Is not covered by a sheath
30
Hook
A primary part of flagella (an external structure)
made of different protein than the flagella (diff protein, diff function, diff location)
31
Basal body
A primary part of flagella (an external structure)
anchors the flagellum to the plasma
membrane and the cell wall
32
name the different Flagellar arrangements
1. **Peritrichous:** flagella distributed over the entire cell surface
2. **Monotrichous:** single polar flagella
3. **Lophotrichous:** two or more flagella at one or both ends of the cell
4. **Amphitrichous:** a tuft of flagella at each cell end
33
Peritrichous
A type of flagellar arrangement
- flagella distributed over the entire cell surface
34
Monotrichous
A type of flagellar arrangement
- single polar flagella
35
Lophotrichous
A type of flagellar arrangement
- two or more flagella at one or both ends of the cell
36
Amphitrichous
A type of flagellar arrangement
a tuft of flagella at each cell end
37
Flagellar proteins
are used to differentiate in ebtween strains of different bacteria
38
*E.coli* 0157:H7
0157 = strain thats found in cows
H7 = type of flagellar protein (= differentiate diff strains of diff bacteria)
39
Explain bacterial motility
- explain run or swim
- explain tumbles
Explain the different types of taxis
The bacterium is able to change direction and speed on its own
- Run or Swim: movement in one direction for a continuous period of time
- Tumbles: Abrupt or random changes in direction
- results when the flagellum changes its direction of rotation (like a car using a wheel)
Being motile allows the bacterium to move away from dangerous enviornments and toward favorable enviornments which is called taxis
**types**
1. Chemotaxis
2. phototaxis
Bacteria move toward an attractant and away from a repellant
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Run (or swim)
Movement in one direction for a continuous period of time
41
tumbles
Abrupt or random changes in
direction
- Results when the flagellum changes its
direction of rotation
42
taxis
Bacterial motility
Being motile allows the bacterium to
move away from dangerous environments
and toward favorable environments
43
Chemotaxis
Movement toward a chemical stimulus
44
Phototaxis
Movement toward a light stimulus
45
Pili and Fimbriae are found in? Compare them to flagella and what do both contain?
many gram negative bacteria (used for attachment and made from protein)
Both are:
- hair like appendages that are shorter, thinner and straighter than flagella and are not used for motility
- made of pilin protein
46
Define Fimbriae
- where can fimbriae be found on the bacteria
- the importance of fimbriae
- provide an example
Found in many gram - cells, and is made of the same pilin protein and the pili
- **bacterial cell** can contain a few or hundreds
can be all over cell surface or only at poles
Enables the bacterial cell to adhere to surfaces and other bacterial cells (so that they dont get washed away)
- Allow the bacterium to adhere and colonize without fimbriae colonization cannot occur and thus disease does not occur
- ex. *Neisseria gonorrhoeae*
47
*Neisseria gonorrhoeae* is an example of
A bacterial cell that has fimbriae on its surface
48
What is Pili and the importance of pili?
(pilus-singular)
Longer than fimbriae (made from same pilin protein, not used to specifically stick to anythings- specialized for exchange, "photocopy" info)
- only one or two per cell
these filaments join two bacterial cells in order to transfer DNA in between them in a process called conjugation (horizontal gene transfer)
49
What is Conjugation and what does it involve
Provide an example
is the process for exchange,
- involves Pili filaments which join two bacterial cells in order to transfer DNA in between them is a process called **conjugation**
- ex. for antibiotic resistance genes
50
What are pili and fimbriae made of?
pilin protein
51
Pilin protein makes up
pili nd fimbriae (found in many gram negative bacteria)
52
What is the Bacterial cell wall
- its composition and structure
- the importance of the cell wall for bacteria
is the "outer layer"- most commmon to most bugs
- composed of the polysaccaride peptidoglycan
- semi rigid, complex and semi-permable
provides the cell with its characteristic shape (ex. coccus = certain cell wall)
- Important means of classifying bacteria
protect cell from environmental changes
- prevents cell rupture (like a counter pressure against expansion and rupture ex. like a balloon in a cup)
53
(prokaryotic) Bacterial cell wall shape
semi-rigid, complex and semi-permeable
- the bacterial cell wall provides the cell with its characteristic shape (ex. the way you arrange it is based on the outer walls the shape ex. coccus = certain cell wall)
54
Importance of the bacterial cell wall
It protects the cell from environmental changes
- prevents cell rupture
provides cell w/ its characteristic shape
- important means of classifying bacteria, provides cells with its characteristic shape
- ex. e. coli is always going to have the same cell wall structure
55
What is the bacterial cell wall composed of
polysaccaride peptidoglycan (made of sugar)
56
Peptidoglycan is
polysaccaride composed of repeating dissacarides (=NAG and NAM)
57
Structure of peptidoglycan and importance of this structure
Peptidoglycan = polysaccaride = repeating dissacarides (NAM and NAG)
Polysaccaride chains are layered on top of one another
- chains are linked together by short polypeptides = creating a lattice
- creates a strong cell wall that is resistance to osmotic changes
58
Explain how polysaccarides form peptidoglycan and why polysaccarides are important to the cell wall
Polysaccaride (carbohydrate) makes up peptidoglycan (makes up bacterial cell wall)
- polysaccaride chains are layered on top of one another
- the chains are linked together by short polypeptides (proteins/aminoacids) = lattice
The lattice creates a strong cell wall that is resistant to osmotic changes
59
The dissacaride unit of (polysaccaride) pepitdoglycan is composed of
- N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG)
- N-acetyl muramic acid (NAM)
60
NAG and NAM
are the dissacaride unit in the polyssaccarides of peptidoglycan (bacterial cell wall)
- they create a lattice in peptidoglycan w/ short polypeptide chains = lattice
- this lattice helps prevent osmotic changes in the cell
61
Explain the structure of the gram positive cell wall and how is it different from a gram negative cell wall?
| what gram positive cell organisms only have that gram negative dont?
Contains a thick layer of peptidoglycan (lots of chains of nam and nag) outside of the plasma membrane
- also contains teichoic acids which are only found in gram positive organisms (wall teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids)
Gram positive bacteria have only one membrane: the plasma membrane
62
Explain Teichoic acids and what are the different forms
teichoic acids are only found in gram positive organisms
two forms:
1. **wall teichoic acids** (perpendicular thru all layers of peptidoglycan): extend out from peptidoglycan
2. **lipoteichoic acids** (to make the cell membrane structurally intact): connect the plasma membrane to the peptidoglycan
63
Wall teichoic acids
A form of teichoic acids:
- extend out from the peptidoglycan (perpendicular through all layers of peptidogly can) in a gram + cell wall
64
Lipoteichoic acids
A form of teichoic acids:
- connect the plasma membrane to the peptidoglycan (make the cell membrane structurally intact) of the gram + cell wall
65
Explain the structure of the Gram Negative Cell Wall
| How is it different from the gram + cell wall
Thin peptidoglycan layer (thick in gram +)
- gram negative bacteria contain a plasma membrane and an outer membrane (more space compared to gram +, 2nd lipid membrane on top of peptidoglycan)
(gram positive only has one plasma membrane)
The outermembrane contains (while the gram positive contains only teichoic acids)
1. lipids
2. proteins
3. lipolysaccarides (LPS)
66
What does the outermembrane of the Gram negative cell wall contain?
Lipids (phospholipids)
proteins
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
67
Lipolysaccarides
Make up the outer membrane of Gram Negative Cell walls only (lipid sugar)
**1. Lipid Portion**
- toxic
- referred to as endotoxin (lipid A)
**2. Polysaccaride portion** (sugar is sticking out)
- composed of O sugars
- used to distinguish gram negative organisms
68
Lipid portion of Lipopolysaccarides
A part of gram negative outer membranes (the 2nd lipid membrane on topp of peptidoglycan)
Lipid portion is:
- toxic
- referred to as endotoxin (lipid A)
69
Polysaccaride portion of Lipopolysaccarides
A part of gram negative outer membranes (the 2nd lipid membrane on topp of peptidoglycan)
Polysaccaride portion:
- Composed of O sugars (sugars are sticking out)
- used to distinguish gram negative organisms
70
What is the purpose of the Gram Stain
Staining technique wants to know which is gram + or gram - for diagnostics for antibiotics
71
Compare the primary stain of Gram + and - cells
**Primary stain:**
**- Gram-positive cells** = thick peptidoglycan holds the primary stains w crystal violet (purple) - positively charges sticks to any living cell (= negative charged)
**- Gram-negative cells** = not stained with crystal violet because the alcohol wash step disrupts the plasma membrane and also the outer membrane is intact and not penetrated by the dye (due to the double membrane) however, retains the counter stain = safranin stain (appear pink
72
The primary stain on Gram positive cells
First step of the gram stain:
contain thick peptidoglycan which holds the
primary stain with crystal violet (appearing purple)
- positively charges sticks to any living cell (= negative charged
73
The primary stain on Gram negative cells
First step of the gram stain:
are not stained with crystal violet (compared to gram positive cells= stained) because the outer membrane is intact and is not penetrated by the dye (due to the double membrane)
74
Explain the steps of the gram stain
**First step:**
**- Gram positive cells:** contain thick peptidoglycan which holds the primary stain with crystal violet (appearing purple)
**- Gram negative cells:** are stained crystal violet but dont retain after the 3rd step = alcohol wash because the outer membrane is intact and is not penetrated by the dye
**second step:**
add iodine (creates a stain thats more vigorous)
**third step:**
involves an alcohol wash which disrupts the outer membrane and washes away remaining crystal violet on the gram negative
**The last step:**
adds safranin (counterstain) which is taken up by the peptidoglycan in gram negative cells which consequently appear pink
75
Whats Iodine's purpose in stains
add iodine (mordant) which creates a stain thats more vigorous
76
Alcohol wash
The third step of the gram stain disrupts the outer membrane and washes away remaining crystal violet
77
safranin (counterstain)
The gram stain's last step adds safranin taken up by the peptidoglycan in gram negative cells which consequently appear pink
78
- Peptidoglycan in prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes
- Explain lysozyme and penicillin in regards to peptidoglycan
peptidoglycan is unique to bacteria
- eukaryotes do not have a similar compound
Peptidoglycan is a common target for both host defenses and chemotherapies
- Lysozyme is a host enzyme produced in saliva, tears and mucous which degrades peptidoglycan
- Many antibiotics are also active against peptidoglycan including Penicillin which targets peptidoglycan synthesis
79
What type of host defenses target peptidoglycan
lysozyme and penicillin
80
Lysozyme and peptidolgycan
Is a host enzyme produced in saliva, tears and mucous which degrades peptidoglycan
- if you didnt have lysozyme, this causes bacterial build up
81
Pencillin and peptidoglycan
penicilin (= antibiotic can do harm if the person has an allergy to penicillin) targets peptidoglycan synthesis (go around and destroy the cell wall of the bacteria)
82
What is the Plasma membrane composed of
Classic phospholipid bilayer, provides a barrier in between the intracellular and extracellular enviornments
83
Semi-permeable barrier and semi-fluid state
Prokaryotic Cell membrane
The plasma membrane is a semi-permeable barrier,
Semi-permeable barrier = selectively allows the inflow and outflow of materials
The plasma membrane also exists in a semi-fluid state
- fluid enough that membrane proteins are able to move and perform their function
- solid enough to maintain cell shape (adjust fluidity according to the environment (ex. temp) - saturated or unsaturated lipids
84
what disrupts the plasma membrane
alcohold disrupts the plasma membrane
85
What is the name of the fluid that is contained within the plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
86
The Cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells
The material thats contained within the plasma membrane
~80% water
Cytoplasm also contains many of the materials needed for life:
• Amino acids, carbohydrates, nucleotides
• Enzymes
• Inorganic ions (ex) iron
Cytoplasm is aqueous but thick and semi-transparent
Cytoplasm also contains the major cellular structures such as
- the nucleoid
- Ribosomes
- inclusion bodies
- some bacteria may also have endospores within the cytoplasm
87
What is Cytoplasm composed of and what is contained within the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells
~80% water (75-80% norm cell water content)
Cytoplasm also contains many of the materials needed for life:
- amino acids, carbohydrates, nucleotides, enzymes
- inorganic ions (ex iron)
Cytoplasm also contains the major cellular structures such as:
* the nucleoid: containing the cell's genetic material
* Ribosomes (protein synthesis)
* inclusion bodies
* Some bacteria may also have endospores within the cytoplasm
88
Major cellular structures in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes
1. The nucleoid
2. Ribosomes (protein synthesis)
3. inclusion bodies
4. some bacteria may also have endospores within the cytoplasm (allow them the opportunity to survive compelx enviornments like temp.)
89
What is a nucleoid
It is a part of prokaryotes
* they contain the bacterial chromosome (just one chromosome): contains all genetic information required for the cell structure and function
* NOT surrounded by a nuclear membrane = It is a nuclear **area** of the bacterium (because its non-membrane bound)
* Bacteria may also have plasmids
90
What are Plasmids and give an example for their function
Bacteria (a prokaryote) may also have plasmids (small)
- small, usually circular double stranded DNA molecules (if the bug booted out a plasmid, it would be fine, just needs the chromosome)
- These house non-essential genes which can help the bacterium to survive adverse conditions such as high antibiotic concentrations
ex) plasmids contain genes for antibiotic resistance
91
Function of Ribosomes
what are they made of?
Protein synthesis occurs in ribosomes
They are made of protein and ribosomals RNA (rRNA)
Consist of two subunits, a large subunit and a small subunit
92
What are ribosomes made of?
Protein, ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
and two subunits: large and small
93
What do ribosomes consist of?
two subunits, a large subunit and a small subunit
94
Large subunit
| Compare prokaryote and eukaryote whole ribosome
= Large subunit
Prokaryotes = 50s (large) + 30s (small) = 70s (whole ribosome)
Eukaryotes = 60s (large) + 40s (small) = 80s (whole ribosome)
Prokaryotes are smaller
95
Small subunit
| Compare prokaryote and eukaryote whole ribosome
= small subunit
prokaryotes = 30s (small) +50s (large) = 70s (whole ribosome)
Eukaryotes = 40s (small) + 60s (large) = 80s (whole ribosome)
96
Compare ribosomes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Ribosomes of prokaryotes are different than those of eukaryotes
- the both fucntion in protein synthesis
- Eukaryote ribosomes are larger and heavier (80s): the large subunit is 60S and the small subunit is 40S
97
Why do several antibiotics target bacteria ribosomes
| Also provide examples of antibiotics that target ribosomes
Several antibiotics target bacterial ribosomes because it is the perfect opportunity to execute selective toxicity (paul elnrich and syphillis)
- eukaryotic ribosomes are different and thus an antibiotic that targets ribosomes will not cause harm to host cells
ex. Streptomycin and Erythromycin
98
Streptomycin and Erythromycin are examples of
antibiotics that target ribosomes but will not cause harm to host cells selective toxicity!
- eukaryotic ribosomes are different!
99
What are Inclusion bodies and their function?
| Name the types as well
are deposites of nutrient granules which are stored for later use
- different bacterial species contain a variety of inclusion bodies which can therefore serve as a basis for indentification (Can also determine if its gram + or - other than gram stain)
Types of inclusion bodies:
* Sulfur granules (like a bubble and in that bubble - source of sulfur, some bacteria use it for energy
IMPORTANT energy sources
* Polysaccaride granules (nrg storage form)
* Lipid inclusions (like fuel)
* Enzymes (speed up rxns)
100
Types of inclusion bodies
* Sulfur granules (like a bubble and in that bubble - source of sulfur, some bacteria use it for energy
IMPORTANT energy sources
* Polysaccaride granules (nrg storage form)
* Lipid inclusions (like fuel)
* Enzymes (speed up rxns)
101
Endospores and their characteristics
| provide examples of endospores too
Only gram positive bacteria form endospores
- these are special structures that allow the bacterium to resist heat, desication, chemicals and radiation
- the bacterium will remain dormant for long periods of time and will leave dormancy only when good growth conditions occur
- spores are very resilient and some can even survive boiling water for hours making them very difficult to get rid of
ex. of spore forming bacteria include:
- *Baccillus anthracis* (has endospores and capsules)
- *Clostridium botulinum*
102
Why are endospores hard to get rid of?
endospores are special structures that allow the bacterium to resist heat, dessication, chemicals and radiation
- endospores are very resilient and some can survive boiling water for hours = difficultto get rid of them
103
example of spore forming bacteria
- *Baccillus anthracis*
- *Clostridium botulinum*
104
*Baccillus anthracis*
and*Clostridium botulinum*
are examples of
Spore forming bacteria (endospore)
105
Explain the Sporulation steps
How endospores form
1. Bacterial cell replicates its DNA
2. Septum forms dividing the cell
3. The larger compartment engulfs the smaller one forming a forspore within the mother cell
4. Peptidoglycan and other protective material forms around the forspore (the spore coat)
5. The spore is freed from the mother cell
106
Eukaryotic cells can be
both unicellular organisms and multicellular organisms
These cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotes
107
Simple eukaryotes include
Protozoa: unicellular
Fungi: multicellular except yeast (individual cells)
Algae: some are unicellular and some are multicellular
108
Higher eukaryotes include
plants and animals (no unicellular)
109
Eukaryotic flagella and cilia
| Compare and Contrast to Prok. Flagella and Cilia
* These are long and flexible
* they also contain protein and cytoplasm (prokaryotes have hollow flagella and cilia)
* These move in a whip-like fashion (prokaryotes move in a cork screw motion)
* Both cilia and flagella are used for motility
110
Euk. Cell wall
not present in animal cells
- Structurally simple compared to peptidoglycan of bacteria
- **composed of a single polysaccaride:**
- **cellulose:** algae and plants
- **chitin**: fungi
111
Cellulose
Euk. cell wall is composed of a single polysaccaride
- in algae and plants
112
Chitin
eukaryotic cell wall of fungi (=euk. cell wall is composed of a single polysaccharide)
113
Euk plasma membrane
| compare and contrast w/ prok. cells
same basic structure as prokaryotic cells
- contain phospholipids, proteins and sterols
- Prokaryotes do not have sterols in their plasma membrane, as a result the eukaryotic plasma membrane is more rigid than that of bacteria
- Eukaryotes are often capable of endocytosis (engulf particles outside of the cell and bring them inside)
114
Endocytosis
Eukaryotes are often capable of endocytosis = engulf particles outside of the cell and bring them inside
115
Euk. Cytoplasm
Similar in prokaryotes but there are differences
- this is located within the boundary of plasma membrane, but outside the nuclear membrane
The cytoplasm has a complex internal structure called a cytoskeleton which:
- provide support + shape to the cell
- act to transport substances through the cell
- composed of protein filaments on the inside of the plasma membrane
116
Cytoskeleton
| what is it and what is it composed of
- provide support + shape to the cell
- act to transport substances through cell
- composed of protein filaments on the inside of the plasma membrane
117
Membrane bound organelles
are structures that are absent in bacteria
- Structures w/ specialized functions
Examples of membrane bound organelles
- Nucleus: contains genetic material
- Mitochondria: powerhouse of cell, site of ATP synthesis
- Chloroplasts: site of photosynthesis, found in plants and algae only
118
Nucleus
Membrane bound organelle (absent in baxcteria)
- contains genetic material
119
Mitochondria
Membrane bound organelle
- powerhouse of the cell,
site of ATP synthesis
120
Chloroplasts
| What is it and what organisms is it found in
Membrane bound organelle
- site of photosynthesis,
found in plants and algae only
