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A-Level Biology Paper 1 > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

(98 cards)

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1
Q

What is the two key features of a eukaryotic cell?

A

They have a nucleus, and membrane-bound organelles.

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2
Q

name some examples of eukaryotic cells?

A

Animal, plant, fungal and algal cells

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3
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

The nucleus is the largest organelle, it’s typically spherical and it contains the genetic material of the cell. It controls the cells activities and is enclosed by a nuclear envelope.

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4
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

The cell membrane is a thin, flexible later, run the outside of the cell. It’s made from phospholipid bilayer and proteins. It separates contents of the cell from the outside environment. It controls entry and exit of materials.

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5
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

mitochondria is a rod shaped and the site of aerobic respiration. Surrounded by a double membrane which controls the entry and exit of material into it. The inner membrane is highly folded into cristae under the space in closed by it is the matrix.

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6
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Small cytoplasmic granules found in the cytoplasm. They are the site of protein synthesis.

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7
Q

What is rough ER?

A

3-D system of sheets like membranes, attached to the outer membrane of the nucleus, but spread throughout the cytoplasm. Rough ER specifically, is covered in ribosomes where proteins synthesise

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8
Q

What is smooth ER?

A

3-D. System of sheet like membranes, attached to the nucleus but spread throughout the cytoplasm. Smooth ER specifically has no ribosomes and synthesise lipids and carbohydrates.

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9
Q

what is the Golgi apparatus?

A

stacks of flattened membranes with small, rounded, hollow structures, called vesicles. It processes and packages proteins and lipids, especially proteins, destined to be exported from the cell.

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10
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

vesicles produced by the Golgi that contain enzymes. I can also contain lysozymes. They also isolate potentially harmful enzymes from the rest of the cell until needed. Also responsible for cell death (auto lysis).

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11
Q

What is a chloroplast?

A

they are where photosynthesis takes place. They are in class by double membrane and contain thylakoids and which are stuffed into piles called grana. The fluid filled cavity is called the stroma

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12
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

this is a thick layer outside the cell membrane, used to give the cell strength and rigidity. Implants cell walls are made out of cellulose, alcohols are either cellulose, or glycoprotein, fungal cell walls are made of chitin.

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13
Q

what is the vacuole?

A

Fluid filled sac pound by a single membrane. Only plant cells have one large permanent vacuole, other organisms may have feeding vacuoles.

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14
Q

What is the difference in chloroplasts with algae cells?

A

they often have one large chloroplast instead of several, and they differ in shape and size to plant cells.

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15
Q

do fungal cells have chloroplasts?

A

No

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16
Q

Which eukaryotic cell has a permanent vacuole?

A

Only plant cells

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17
Q

which animal cell organelles are involved in protein synthesis and transportation?

A

The nucleus (genetic code to make proteins), ribosomes/rough, ER (synthesise proteins), mitochondria (release energy to synthesise proteins), Golgi body (modifies and packages proteins), Golgi vesicles (transports proteins) and the cell membrane (vesicles transport proteins to it, where it passes through)

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18
Q

What is specialised cells?

A

Specialise cells adapt their structure to their function, and therefore different specialise cells appear drastically different from each other.

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19
Q

Put these in order of smallest to largest: organ, organ system, tissue, cell, organism.

A

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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20
Q

What does every single cell in the body contain?

A

The same DNA

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21
Q

give some examples of specialised cells

A

What nerve cells, blood cells, skin cells, sperm cells

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22
Q

how can the same DNA lead to so many different cells?

A

Differentiation

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23
Q

What is the name of a fertilised egg cell?

A

Zygote

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24
Q

how does a fertilised egg become a ball of cells?

A

Cell division, mitosis

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25
when does the process of cell differentiation start in an embryo?
When it’s eight cells big
26
Why does differentiation happened?
Because genes in the DNA are switched on or off, so they make different proteins
27
what are stem cells?
Undifferentiated cells
28
what is produced in mitosis?
Genetically identical daughter cells
29
How is a red blood cells specialised?
it has a large surface area for more oxygen.
30
What is specialised about a Palaside cell in a plant?
It’s full of chloroplasts for photosynthesis
31
How is a root hair cells specialised?
A large surface area for collecting more water/minerals
32
How is the sperm cells specialised?
It has a tail for swimming, lots of mitochondria for energy, a streamlined head for swimming.
33
How is a guard cells specialised?
It opens and closes based on water in the cell
34
How is a nerve cell specialised?
It is long for reaching further
35
What is the function of white blood cell?
it releases antibodies and engulfs a pathogens
36
and what special feature does a ciliated epithelium cell have?
cilia = tiny hairs to move mucus out of the airway so anything that catches doesn’t stay
37
What is the exam technique for specialised cells?
S- Size S- Shape S- Surface Area S- Special Features O- Organelles
38
What are the rules for biological drawings?
One simple line, not scribbled, clear labelling, no shading, draw with pencil, one lined, paper, title above drawing, don’t cross labels, and draw to scale
39
What are the key features of a prokaryotic cell?
they are smaller than a eukaryotic cell, they have no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles
40
give an example of a prokaryotic cell
Bacterial
41
What is the difference between ribosomes in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
in prokaryotic cells they are smaller, 70s but in eukaryotic they are 80s
42
what organelles are always present in a prokaryotic cell?
Cytoplasm, ribosomes, cell wall, cell membrane, and circular DNA
43
What structures are only sometimes present in prokaryotic cells?
Plasmids, flagellum, capsules
44
What is a plasmid?
In prokaryotic cells, small circles of DNA in addition to the circular DNA
45
What is the flagellum?
A tail like structure, there is usually one or more and they are used for movement
46
What is the capsule?
Sometimes, in prokaryotic cells, it is a thick polysaccharide later that sticks cells together
47
In prokaryotic cells, what is the cell wall made from?
murine
48
What is circular DNA?
The DNA in a prokaryotic cell, not associated with proteins, free in the cytoplasm
49
what structures do both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have?
Cytoplasm, cell membrane, and ribosomes (different sizes)
50
what is binary fission?
Cell division in prokaryotic cells
51
What is the first stage in binary fission?
DNA replication
52
what does DNA replication involve in binary fission?
Exact chromosome copy is made
53
What is the second stage in binary fission?
Cell elongation
54
What is the final stage of binary fission?
Cell dividing into two
55
What type of reproduction is binary fission?
Asexual
56
What is the formula for binary fission?
total number of bacteria= 2^ number of divisions x bacteria at beginning of growth period
57
What are some examples of viruses?
Coronavirus, Ebola, and influenza
58
What are the key aspects of viruses?
they are acellular (contain no cells), they are nonliving particles, they are much smaller than bacteria
59
what is the nucleic acid core of a virus?
This can be either DNA or RNA and can be single or double stranded
60
what is the enzyme in the centre of a virus?
RNA viruses have reverse transcriptase
61
what is the protein capsid in a virus?
The capsid protects the viral genome from the external environment
62
what is the lipid envelope in a virus?
Usually formed from the membrane phospholipids of a cell they were made in, they are present in some viruses, but not all
63
What are attachment protein is in a virus?
These have specific shapes which allow them to bind to receptors on target cells in order to infect them
64
what do viruses not have?
Organelles
65
Viruses have no organelles, what does this mean in terms of replication?
they must use a host cells organelles to produce new viruses
66
what must virus is do to reproduce?
Hijack a host cell
67
What happens after an attachment protein connects with a specific receptor of a target cell membrane?
RNA and reverse transcriptase are injected into the cell by Endo cytosis
68
after being injected into a host cell, what does the reverse transcriptase do?
Replicate the viral RNA and put into the nucleus
69
During virus replication, after the viral DNA is put into the nucleus of the host cell what does the host cell do?
it starts to a symbol of DNA and proteins needed for the capsid and lipid envelope
70
After a virus uses a host cell to create new viral DNA and enzymes, what does it do?
The viral DNA and enzymes leave the cell after constructing a viral envelope from the host membrane.
71
what happens to a host cell after a virus leaves?
The host cell dies as the virus goes on to infect other cells
72
what is it called when the virus DNA and protein leave a host cell?
Exocytosis, when the RNA and reverse transcriptase are initially injected into the cell, it’s called endocytosis.
73
what are the two different types of electron microscope called?
Scanning microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM)
74
What must you consider when deciding which microscope to use?
magnification Resolution Preparation
75
What is magnification?
how much bigger the image is than the specimen
76
what is resolution?
How well the microscope can distinguish between two points that are close together
77
what has a high resolution electron or light microscopes?
Electron
78
why do electron microscopes have a much higher resolving power?
They have a much higher resolving power due to shorter wavelengths of electrons compared to light
79
Is preparation complicated with a light microscope?
No, it’s relatively straightforward.
80
How do you prepare a specimen with a light microscope?
-Add a drop of water onto the slide -obtain a thin section of tissue and place it on top of the drop of water -Staying with iodine solution -Lower coverslip using a mounted needle
81
What is the preparation of an electron microscope like?
Complex preparation, parsley in terms of staining a specimen.
82
what is required for preparing an electron microscope?
Extremely thin specimens are required (more so TEM), specimens cannot be living as a vacuum is required
83
How to light microscopes work?
light passes through the specimen, which absorbs some wavelengths and reflects others through the lenses and into eyes. The images, then magnified through two lenses (objective and eyepiece).
84
how are scanning electron microscope used?
Specimens are coated with a scene layer of metal such as gold or platinum. Electrons are reflected from the surface of the specimen. As a result, 3-D images are produced
85
what is significant about the SEM microscope?
It is the only kind that can create 3-D images
86
How does the TEM work?
Is this passes a beam of electrons through a specimen. Don’t the areas of the specimen will absorb more electrons less dense areas allow electrons to pass through. Electrons are passed through a focused by electromagnet onto a screen or photographic plate. This allows us to see inside the cells and organelles.
87
What is significant about the TEM?
it is the only microscope that can allow us to see inside cells and organelles
88
What microscope is the only one that can produced coloured images?
Light microscopes
89
What is the only microscope that can make images 3-D?
SEM
90
Which microscopes of the most expensive?
Electron microscopes
91
Why is the preparation so difficult for electron microscopes?
Specimens must be extremely thin, which requires a complex preparation and staining process
92
arrange these in terms of size, smallest to largest: micro meter millimetre, nano meter, meter
Nano meter Micro meter Millimetre Meter
93
What do you have to do to change from meters to millimetres, millimetres to micro meters, micro meters to nanometres?
Times by 1000
94
What is the equation for magnification?
magnification = image size / actual size
95
what is the smallest ruler in the world?
stage micrometer
96
Why must you calibrate an eyepiece graticule?
because it has no units
97
When calibrating an eyepiece graticule, what do you need to look for?
where the lines of the eyepiece graticule and the stage micrometre lineup
98
What is the chemical formula for glucose?
C6H12O6

A-Level Biology Paper 1 (9 decks)

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