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GCSE AQA Biology - Separate Science > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Eukaryotic Cell?

A

Complex cells and include all animal and plant cells

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2
Q

What is a Prokaryotic Cell?

A

Smaller and simpler cells, e.g. Bacteria

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3
Q

Subcellular Structure of an Animal Cell

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
Mitochondria
Ribosomes

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4
Q

Subcellular Structure of a Plant Cell

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Cell Wall
Permanent Vacuole
Chloroplasts

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5
Q

What is the Nucleus?

A

contains the genetic material for the cell that controls the activities of the cell

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6
Q

What is the Cytoplasm?

A

gel-like substance where most of the chemical reactions happen - contains enzymes which control these reactions

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7
Q

What is the Cell Membrane?

A

holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out

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8
Q

What is Mitochondria?

A

where most of the reactions for aerobic respiration take place. Respiration transfers energy that the cell needs

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9
Q

What are Ribosomes?

A

where proteins are made in the cell

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10
Q

What is a Cell Wall?

A

made of cellulose
supports the cell and strengthens it

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11
Q

What is a Permanent Vacuole?

A

contains cell sap, a weak solution of sugar and salts

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12
Q

What are Chloroplasts?

A

where photosynthesis occurs, which makes food for the plant, they contain chlorophyll which absorbs light needed for photosynthesis

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13
Q

What do Bacteria Cells contain?

A

Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Cytoplasm
Singular Strand of DNA - instead of a nucleus - floats freely
Plasmids - small rings of DNA

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14
Q

What are Light Microscopes?

A

Use light and lenses to form an image of a specimen.
Allow us to see individual cells and large subcellular structures

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15
Q

What is an Electron Microscope?

A

Use electrons instead of light to form an image.
Much higher magnification and resolution.

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16
Q

Magnification Formula

A

Magnification = Imagine Size/Real Size

17
Q

How to prepare a slide?

A

1) Add a drop of water to the middle of a clean slide
2) Cut up an onion and separate it out into layers. Use tweezers to peel off some epidermal tissues from the bottom of one of the layers
3) Using the tweezers, place the epidermal tissue into the water on the slide
4) Add a drop of iodine solution - used to highlight objects in the cell
5) Place a cover slip on top.

18
Q

How do you use a Light Microscope to look at your slide?

A

1) Clip the slide you’ve prepared onto the stage
2) Select the lowest-powered objective lens
3) Use the coarse adjustment knob to move the stage up to just below the objective lens
4) Look down the eyepiece. Use the coarse adjustment knob to move the stage downwards until the image is roughly in focus
5) Adjust the focus with the fine adjustment knob, until you get a clear imagine of what’s on the slide
6) If you need to see the slide with greater magnification, swap to a higher-powered objective lens and refocus

19
Q

What is Cell Differentiation?

A
  • Differentiation is when a cell changes to become specialised for its job
  • Cells change and develop different subcellular structures, turning into different types of cells, allows them to carry out specific functions
  • Differentiation usually occurs as a cell develops, in animal cells this ability i lost at an early stay after they become specialised, however many plants cells do not lose this ability
  • Differentiation in mature animals mainly used for repairing and replacing cells, i.e. skin or blood
  • Some cells are undifferentiated cells, such as stem cells
20
Q

How are sperm cells specialised for reproduction?

A
  • Function of sperm is to get the male DNA to the female DNA
  • A long tail and a streamlined head to help it swim
  • Lots of mitochondria to provide the energy needed
  • Carries enzymes in its head to digest through the egg cell membrane
21
Q

How are Nerve Cells specialised for Rapid Signaling?

A
  • Function from Nerve Cells is to carry electrical signals from one part of the body to another
  • Cells are long (cover more distance) and have branched connections at their ends to connect to other nerve cells and form a network throughout the body
22
Q

How are Muscle Cells specialised for Contraction?

A
  • Function is to contract quickly
  • Cells are long (space to contract) and contain lots of mitochondria to generate the energy needed for contraction
23
Q

How are Root Hair Cells specialised for absorbing Water and Minerals?

A
  • On the surface of plant roots which grow into long “hairs” that stick out into the soil
  • Gives the plant a big surface area for absorbing water an mineral ions from the soil
24
Q

How are Phloem and Xylem cells specialised for Transporting Substances?

A
  • Both are tubes
  • Both transport substances such as food and water around plants
  • To form the tubes, the cells are long and joined end to end
  • Xylem are hollow in the centre
  • Phloem have very few subcellular structures, so stuff can flow through them
25
Q

Genetic Information

A
  • Body cells normally have two copies of each chromosome - one from the organisms ‘mother’, and one from its ‘father’
  • 23 pairs of chromosomes in a human cell
26
Q

The Cell Cycle

A

1) Body cells in multicellular organisms divide to produce new cells as part of a series of stages
2) The stage of the cell cycle when the cell divides is called mitosis
3) Multicellular organisms use mitosis to grow or replace cells that have been damaged
4) The end of the cell cycle results in two new cells identical to the original cell, with the same number of chromosomes
5) The two main stages of the cell cycle are: Growth & DNA Replication and Mitosis

27
Q

Growth and DNA Replication

A

1) In a cell that’s not dividing, the DNA is a spread out in long strings
2) Before it divides, the cell has to grow and increase the amount of subcellular structures such as mitochondria and ribosomes
3) Duplicates it’s DNA - one copy for each new cell. DNA is copied and forms X-Shaped chromosomes. Each ‘arm’ of the chromosome is an exact duplicate of the other

28
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

Once the contents and DNA have been copied, the cell is ready for mitosis:-
4) The chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell and cell fibres pull them apart. The two arms of each chromosome go to opposite ends of the cell
5) Membranes form around each of the sets of chromosomes. These become the nuclei of the two new cells - the nucleus has divided
6) Lastly, the cytoplasm and cell membranes divide
- Cell produced two daughter cells, same DNA, identical, identical to parent cell

29
Q

What is Binary Fission of Prokaryotic Cells?

A
  • In binary fission, the cell split into two
    1) The Circular DNA and plasmid(s) replicate
    2) The cell gets bigger and the circular DNA strands move to opposite ‘poles’ (ends) of the cell
    3) The cytoplasm begins to divide and new cell walls begin to form
    4) The cytoplasm divides and two daughter cells are produced. Each daughter cell has one cop of the circular DNA, but can have a variable number of copies of the plasmid(s)
30
Q

Binary Fission in Prokaryotic Cells

A
  • In binary fission, the cell splits into two
    1) The circular DNA and plasmid(s) replicate
    2) The cell gets bigger and the circular DNA strands move to opposite ‘poles’ (ends) of the cell
    3) The cytoplasm begins to divide and new cell walls begin to form
    4) The cytoplasm divides and two daughter cells are produced. Each daughter cell has one copy of the circular DNA, but can have a variable number of copies of the plasmid(s)
31
Q

A bacterial cell has a mean division time of 30 minutes.
How many cells will it have produced after 2.5 hours?

A

2.5 hours * 60 = 150 minutes
150 minutes/30 minutes = 5 divisions
2 to the power of 5 = 22222 = 32cells
Each cell divides to produce 2 cells, so the number of cells increases by a power of 2 for each division

32
Q

Practical - Culturing Microorganisms
Effect of Antibiotics on Bacterial Growth

A

1) Place paper discs soaked in different types of antibiotics on the agar plate that has an even covering of bacteria
2) Antibiotic-resistant bacteria will continue to grow, but non-resistant strains will die. The clear area where bacteria has died is called the inhibition zone
3) Use an unsoaked paper disc as a control and soak it in sterile water
4) Leave the plate for 48 hours a 25 degrees Celsius
5) The more effective the antibiotic is against the bacteria, the larger the inhibition

33
Q

Practical - Culturing Microorganisms
How to prevent contamination

A

1) The Petri dishes and culture medium must be sterilised before use, to kill any unwanted microorganisms that may be present
2) If an inoculating loop is used to transfer the bacteria to the culture medium, it should be sterilised first by passing it through a hot flame
3) After transferring the bacteria, the lid of the Petri dish should be lighter taped on - to stop microorganisms from the air getting in
4) The Petri dish should be stored upside down - to stop drops of condensation falling onto the agar surface

34
Q

Practical - Culturing Microorganisms
Calculating the Sizes of the Inhibition Zones

A

GCSE AQA Biology - Separate Science (1 decks)

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