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cell biology Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 2 types of cells

A
  • eukaryotic
  • prokaryotic
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2
Q

what is a eukaryotic cell

A

plant and animal

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3
Q

what is a prokaryotic cell

A

bacteria

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4
Q

what are the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic

A

prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells
eukaryotic cells contain membrane bound-organelles and a nucleus containing genetic material while prokaryotic do not

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5
Q

what is the prokaryotic cell wall composed off

A

peptidoglycan

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6
Q

how is genetic information stored in a prokaryotic cell

A

found free within the cytoplasm as:

chromosomal dna
plasmid dna

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7
Q

what are plasmids

A

small, circular loops of dan found free in the cytoplasm and separate from the main dna
carry genes that provide genetic advantages

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8
Q

what is order of magnitude

A

a power to the base 10 used to quantify and compare size

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9
Q

list 5 components of both plant and animal cells

A

nucleus
cytoplasm
cell membrane
mitochondria
ribosomes

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10
Q

list the additional cell components found in plant cells

A

chloroplasts
permanent vacuole
cell wall

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11
Q

function of the nucleus apart from storing genetic information

A

controls cellular activities

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12
Q

structure of cytoplasm

A
  • fluid component of the cell
  • contains organelles, enzymes and dissolved ions and nutrients
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13
Q

function of cytoplasm

A

site of cellular reactions
transport medium

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14
Q

canton of cell membrane

A

controls the entry and exit of materials into and out of the cell

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15
Q

function of the mitochondria

A

site of later stages of aerobic respiration in which ATP is produced

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16
Q

function of ribosomes

A

joins amino acids in a specific order during translation for the synthesis of proteins

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17
Q

what is the cell wall made off

A

cellulose

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18
Q

function of plant cell wall

A

provides strength
prevents the cell bursting when water enters by osmosis

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19
Q

what does a permanent vacuole contain

A

cell sap

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20
Q

function of permanent vacuole

A

supports the cell

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21
Q

function of chloroplasts

A

site of photosynthesis

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22
Q

describe how sperm cells in animals are adapted to their function

A

haploid nucleus: contains genetic information
tail: enables movement
mitochondria: provide energy for tail movement
acrosome: contains enzyme that digest the egg cell membrane

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23
Q

describe how never cells in animals are adapted to their function

A

long axon: allows electrical impulses to be transmitted all over the body from the central nervous system
dendrites: from the cell body connect to and receive impulses from other nerve cells, muscles and glands
myelin sheath: insulates the axon and speeds up the transmission of impulses along the nerve cell

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24
Q

describe how muscle cells are adapted to their function

A

arrangement of protein filaments: allow them to slide over each other to produce muscle contraction
mitochondria: provide energy for muscle contraction
merged cells in skeletal muscle: allow muscle fibre contraction in unison

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25
describe how root hair cells in plants are adapted to their function
large surface area: to absorb nutrients and water from surrounding soil thin walls: do not restrict water absorption
26
describe how xylem cells in plants are adapted to their function
no upper or lower margins between cells: to provide a continuous route for water to flow thick walls: strengthen their structure and prevent collapse
27
describe how phloem cells in plants are adapted to their function
sieve plants: let dissolved amino acids and sugars to be transported up and down the stem companion cells: provide energy needed for active transport of substances along the phloem
28
what is cell differentiation
the process by which cells become specialised
29
why is cell differentiation important
allows production of different tissues and organs that perform various vital functions in the human body
30
at what point in their life cycle do most animal cells differentiate
early in life cycle
31
for long do plant cells retain the ability to differentiate
throughout their entire life cycle
32
what is the purpled of cell division in mature animals
repair and replacement of cells
33
what changes does a cell go through as it differentiates
becomes specialised through acquisition of different sub-cellular structure to enable a specific function to be performed by the cell
34
define magnification
the number of times bigger an image appears compared to the size of the real object
35
define resolution
the smallest distance between two objects that can be distinguished
36
how does a light microscope work
passes a beam of light through a specimen which travels through the eyepiece lens, allowing the specimen to be observed
37
advantages of light microscope
inexpensive easy to use portable observe both living and dead specimens
38
disadvantage of light microscope
limited resolution
39
how does an electron microscope work
it uses a beam of electrons which are focused using magnets. the electrons hit a fluorescent screen which emits visible light producing an image
40
what are the 2 types of electron microscopes
transmission electron microscope scanning electron microscope
41
advantage of electron microscope
greater magnification and resolution
42
why do electron microscopes have a greater magnification and resolution
they use a beam of electrons which has a shorter wave length than photons of light
43
how have electron microscopes enables scientists to develop their understanding of cells
allow small sub-cellular structures to be observed in detail enable scientists to develop more accurate explanations about how cell structure relates to function
44
disadvantage of electron microscopes
expensive large so less portable requires training to use only dead specimens can be observed
45
how is magnification of an object calculated
magnification = size of image / size of real object
46
what is standard form
a way of expressing numbers written between 1 and 10 multiplied by a positive or negative power of 10
47
how do bacteria multiply
binary fission simple cell division
48
how often do bacteria multiply
once every 20 mins if enough nutrients are available and then temp is suitable
49
state 2 ways bacteria can be grown
nutrient broth solution colonies on an agar gel plate
50
what nutrients make up a nutrient broth solution
all nutrients required for bacteria to grow including nitrogen for protein synthesis, carbs for energy and other minerals
51
what are uncontaminated cultures of microorganisms needed for
investigating disinfectant and antibiotic action
52
why must Petri dishes and culture media be sterilised before use
to kill any bacteria present
53
why must inoculating loops be sterilised be passing them through bunsen burner fame
to kill any bacteria present on the inoculating loop
54
why are culottes incubated at 25 degrees in school labs
harmful pathogens are less likely to grow at that temp
55
what are chromosomes made up of
consist of dan molecules combined with proteins they contain genes which provide the instructions for protein synthesis
56
what is a gene
a section of dan which codes for a protein
57
how many chromosomes are found in the nucleus of human body cells
46
58
how many chromosomes are found in the nucleus of gametes
23
59
how are chromosomes arranged in the nucleus of a body cell
arranged in pairs 46 chromosomes form 23 pairs
60
3 main stages of the cell cycle
replication of dan and synthesis of organelle mitosis division of cells
61
why is mitosis important
produces identical cells which all have the same genetic info produces additional cells for growth and repair
62
describe the 1st stage of the cell cycle
it is the longest stage cells grow and increase in mass replicate dna and synthesis more organelles
63
describe 2nd stage of the cell cycle
each chromosome in a pair is pulled to opposite poles of the cell then the nucleus decides
64
describe 3rd stage of cell cycle
the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide two identical daughter cells are produced
65
what is a stem cells
an unspecialised cell which is capable of differentiating into other cell types and of self-renewal
66
what is the function of stem cells in embryos
embryonic stem cells can replicate themselves and differentiate into many other types of cells embryonic stem cells may be able to treat conditions such as paralysis and diabetes by dividing to replace damaged cells
67
function of stem cells in adult bond marrow
adult stem cell can differentiate into several types to replace dead or damaged tissues
68
function of stem cells in plant meristems
meristem stem cells retain the ability to differeiate into any type of plant cell throughout their lifespan they can differeaite into any cell which is required by the plant
69
what is therapeutic cloning
a cloning method where an embryo is produced with the same genetic makeup as the patient. the stem cells which originate from the embryo will not be rejected by the patients immune system so can be used to treat certain medical conditions
70
advantages of cloning plants using meristem stem cells
can prevent rare plants from becoming extinct can produce large numbers of plants with a favourable characteristic can produce identical plants for research
71
what is diffusion
the net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
72
3 main factors affect the rare of diffusion
concentration gradient temp surface area
73
how are single celled organisms adapted for diffusion
they have a large surface area to volume ratio maximises the ratio of diffusion of molecules to meet the organisms needs
74
4 factors to increase the effectiveness of a gas exchange
large surface area thin membrane efficient blood supply ventilation
75
what is osmosis
the movement of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane
76
what is active transport
the movement of molecules from a more dilute solution to a more concentration solution against a concentration gradient using energy from respiration
77
how do plant root hair cells use active transport
root hair cells use active transport up minerals ions from a more dire solution in soils
78
how is active transport used to absorb the products of digestion
active transport is used to transport glucose from a lower concentration in the gut to a higher concentration in the blood. glucose is then transported to the tissues where it can be used in respiration
79

Biology (8 decks)

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