Cell Biology

Question 1

What is the role of the cell surface membrane?

Answer 1

Control exit and entry of substances

Question 2

What is the role of the nucleus?

Answer 2

Contains DNA

Question 3

State the role of mitochondria

Answer 3

Aerobic respiration and responsible for making energy

Question 4

State the role of ribosomes

Answer 4

Responsible for protein synthesis

Question 5

State the role of the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 5

Responsible for protein packaging, lipid storage and synthesis.

Question 6

State the role of the golgi apparatus and vesicles

Answer 6

Responsible for packaging of proteins for transports

Question 7

State the role of the lysosomes

Answer 7

Digestive system of cells that breaks down worn out cell parts and invading microbes

Question 8

State the role of centrioles

Answer 8

Involved during cell mitosis

Question 9

Why are eukaryotic cells specialised?

Answer 9

To fulfill different functions controlled by which genes are expressed

Question 10

When cells are considered eukaryotic?

Answer 10

Plant and animal cells

Question 11

What cells are prokaryotic?

Answer 11

Bacteria

Question 12

State the specialised function of erythrocytes

Answer 12

Lacks nuclei and other organelles for space for more haemoglobin
Biconcave shape
Efficient diffusion

Question 13

What are stem cells?

Answer 13

Cells that differentiate to form specialised cells

Question 14

State the specialised features of a neurone

Answer 14

They are highly specialised as they conduct electrical impulses

Question 15

Give the specialised features of squamous epithelial cells

Answer 15

Flattened to support a basement membrane to make them well suited to exchange surfaces

Question 16

Give the specialised features of sperm cells

Answer 16

Highly specialised as it enables them to deliver the haploid nucleus containing genetic information for Fertilisation.

Question 17

Give the specialised features for a ova

Answer 17

Many layers to the ova

Question 18

Give the specialised features of striated muscle cell

Answer 18

It is a striped appearance

Question 19

Give the equation to calculate magnification

Answer 19

Size of image ÷ size or object

Question 20

Give the equation to calculate size of image

Answer 20

Magnification × size of object

Question 21

Give the equation to calculate the size of object

Answer 21

Size of image ÷ magnification

Question 22

Give the definition of mitosis

Answer 22

Process in which new cells are produced for growth and replacing old or damaged cells

Question 23

What are the different stages of mitosis?

Answer 23

Interphase
Propose
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

Question 24

What happens during interphase?

Answer 24

The DNA replicates to make two identical copies of each chromosome

Question 25

What happens during prophase?

Answer 25

Chromosomes become visible and nuclear envelope disappears

Question 26

What happens during metaphase?

Answer 26

Chromosomes arrange themselves at the center of the cell

Question 27

What happens during anaphase?

Answer 27

Chromatids migrate to opposite poles of the cell

Question 28

What happens during telophase?

Answer 28

Two sets of chromosomes collect at opposite poles of the cell and nuclear membrane reforms

Question 29

What is cytokinesis?

Answer 29

Cytoplasm divides to form two daughter cells

Question 30

What are polynucleotides made of?

Answer 30

Polymers of nucleotides

Question 31

What does each nucleotide contain?

Answer 31

5 carbon sugar, organic nitrogenous base and phosphate group

Question 32

Give the components of DNA

Answer 32

Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine

Question 33

What are nucleotides joined together by?

Answer 33

Phosphodiaster bonds between sugars

Question 34

What are phosphodiaster bonds between sugars sometimes referred to as?

Answer 34

Sugar-phosphate backbone

Question 35

How are phosphodiaster bonds formed?

Answer 35

In a condensation reaction

Question 36

Give the components of RNA

Answer 36

Adenine Cytosine Guanine Uracil

Question 37

Why is simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis passive processes?

Answer 37

Because they do not require energy

Question 38

What is simple diffusion?

Answer 38

Non-polar substances can move into the phospholipid bilayer and diffuse across a membrane

Question 39

Why do polar substances require facilitated diffusion?

Answer 39

Because they cannot diffuse across a membrane

Question 40

Give the meaning of osmosis

Answer 40

Osmosis is when water molecules move across a partially permeable membrane from a high concentration of water molecules to a low concentration of water molecules.

Question 41

Active transport

Answer 41

Uses energy to move substances across a concentration gradient.

Question 42

Give the structure of DNA

Answer 42

Double helix where two long polynucleotide chains are wound around each other and help together by hydrogen bonds and complementary base pairs.

Question 43

What is a phospholipid made up of?

Answer 43

2 parts - hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

Question 44

Why is a phospholipid a barrier to diffusion?

Answer 44

The middle layer is hydrophobic

Question 45

What are enzymes?

Answer 45

biological catalysts that speed up key body reactions

Question 46

Give factors that affect the rate of exchange

Answer 46

Diffusion distance Temperature Metabolic rate

Question 47

What is a factor that must be correct in order for efficient gas exchange?

Answer 47

The surface area must be larger in comparison to the volume

Question 48

When can organisms not rely on simple diffusion?

Answer 48

When the surface area is smaller to the volume

Question 49

What are lipids used for in the body?

Answer 49

Thermal insulation for the body and physical protection as an energy source.

Question 50

What are proteins formed from?

Answer 50

Amino acids

Question 51

When amino acids are joined together, what do they form in a condensation reaction?

Answer 51

Peptide bond

Question 52

What happens when an amino acid and a peptide bond go together?

Answer 52

A polypeptide is produced

Question 53

Give the primary structure of a protein

Answer 53

Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

Question 54

Give the secondary structure of a protein

Answer 54

Polypeptide chain can form various types of structure due to the way it is folded.

Question 55

Give the tertiary structure of a protein

Answer 55

it describes the three-dimensional shape

Question 56

Give the quaternary structure of a protein

Answer 56

Many functional proteins are made from two or more peptide chains

Question 57

Give the most basic unit of carbohydrates

Answer 57

Monosaccharides

Question 57

What are monosaccharides composed of?

Answer 57

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Question 58

When monosaccharides are in pairs, what do they produce?

Answer 58

Disaccharides

Question 59

What are proteins used in the body for?

Answer 59

Growth and repair

Question 60

True or false, Glycerol molecules are NOT hydrophilic

Answer 60

False

Question 61

True or false, fatty molecules are hydrophobic

Answer 61

True

Question 62

What are carbohydrates used for in the body?

Answer 62

Energy

Question 63

Give the bond between monosaccharides

Answer 63

Glycosidic bond

Question 64

How are triglycerides formed?

Answer 64

By a condensation reaction of one glycerol molecule and three molecules of fatty acids.

Question 65

How are phospholipids formed?

Answer 65

When one fatty acid of triglyceride is substituted by a phosphate-containing group.

Question 66

Give the definition of an antibody

Answer 66

Protein produced in response to specific antigen

Question 67

Give the definition of an antigen

Answer 67

Substances that trigger an immune response

Question 68

What is an antigen-presenting cell?

Answer 68

They present antigens to other cells to trigger a further immune response.

Question 69

Where are antigens usually found?

Answer 69

On the surface of the pathogen or body cells.

Question 70

What are T and B cells activated by?

Answer 70

Non-self antigens on pathogens or foreign cells.

Question 71

What does an activation of T cells lead to?

Answer 71

Cell-mediated response

Question 72

What do activation of B cells lead to?

Answer 72

Antibody-mediated response

Question 73

Cell-mediated response

Answer 73

Does not produce antibodies, the T cells destroy infected body cells.

Question 74

Antibody-mediated response

Answer 74

B cells produce antibodies that destroys pathogens

Question 75

Innate immunity

Answer 75

First line of defence that acts quickly

Question 76

What do memory cells lead to?

Answer 76

A stronger and more rapid response

Question 77

What is the difference between antigen drift and antigen shift?

Answer 77

Antigen drift occurs when a virus undergoes gradual change in genetic makeup that causes a different but similar virus. Antigen shift occurs when a virus undergoes sudden change in genetic makeup creating a new strain.

Question 78

Naturally acquired active immunity

Answer 78

Antibodies made after exposure to infection

Question 79

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Answer 79

Antibodies transmitted via breastmilk from mother to baby.