Cell Biology

Question 1

Before the bacterial cell can divide, what 2 main things must it do?

Answer 1

Grow and Replicate genetic material

Question 2

Are the cells created by mitosis genetically identical to each other, or genetically different?

Answer 2

genetically identical

Question 3

Can paralysis be treated with adult stem cells and why?

Answer 3

no, as adult stem cells cannot differentiate into nerve cells

Question 4

Give 2 examples of eukaryotic cells.

Answer 4

animal and plant

Question 5

Give 2 organelles present in plant cells but not in animal cells.

Answer 5

Permanent vacuole, chlorplast

Question 6

Give 4 organelles present in both animal and plant cells.

Answer 6

cytoplasm, nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, cell membrane

Question 7

Give an example of a prokaryotic cell

Answer 7

Bacteria

Question 8

Given the right conditions, what is the fastest bacteria can divide?

Answer 8

once every 20 minutes

Question 9

How do scientists use stem cells to treat some conditions?

Answer 9

1) They extract embryonic stem cells from early embryos
2) They grow them in a laboratory
3) They stimulate them to differentiate into whatever specialised cell is needed
4) They give them to the patient to replace the faulty cells

Question 10

How does binary fission work?

Answer 10

1) The cell grows
2) Genetic Material is duplicated
3) the 2 longs strands of DNA each go 2 one side of the cell, and the plasmids are arranged randomly
4) A cell wall is made in the middle of the cell to divide it
5) The cell pulls apart to form 2 new cells

Question 11

How many PAIRS of chromosomes do humans have?

Answer 11

23 pairs

Question 12

Instead of a nucleus, what 2 organeles contain the DNA in a bacterium?

Answer 12

The circular strand of DNA and plasmids

Question 13

Is binary fission cell division or reproduction and why?

Answer 13

It is both because bacteria are unicellular organisms

Question 14

What 3 conditions could be treated by stem cells?

Answer 14

Type 1 diabetes
Paralysis
Sickle Cell Anaemia

Question 15

What 3 organelles do bacteria not have?

Answer 15

Mitochondria, Nucleus, chlorophyll

Question 16

What are 2 disadvantages of electron microscopes?

Answer 16

Very expensive, hard to use

Question 17

What are 2 main features of stem cells?

Answer 17

They can divide by mitosis, and they can differentiate into specialised cells.

Question 17

What are 3 advantages of light microscopes?

Answer 17

Easy to use, cheap and portable

Question 18

What are 3 types of stem cells?

Answer 18

Plant, Adult, Embryonic

Question 19

What are cell fibres?

Answer 19

Fibres that attach to chromosomes to split them

Question 20

What are chromosomes?

Answer 20

coiled up packets of DNA

Question 21

What are the 2 main drawbacks of using stem cells to treat conditions?

Answer 21

1) Requires embryonic stem cells, which are limited in suppl and have ethical issues
2) The patients body may reject the stem cells as they are foreign

Question 22

What are the 2 main risks of using stem cells in medicine?

Answer 22

Virus transmission and tumor development

Question 23

What are the 3 main stages of the cell cycle?

Answer 23

Growth, DNA replication + mitosis, division

Question 24

What are the poles of a cell?

Answer 24

The 2 sides that chromosomes are split to

Question 25

What can adult stem cells found in the bone marrow differentiate into?

Answer 25

Blood cells

Question 26

What can plant stem cells differentiate into?

Answer 26

Any cell

Question 27

What condition could be treated using adult stem cells?

Answer 27

Sickle cell anaemia

Question 28

What do all eukaryotic organisms require a continous supply of new cells for?

Answer 28

Growth, development, and repair

Question 29

What does a vacuole contain?

Answer 29

cell sap, which is a mixture of sugars, salts and water

Question 30

What does unicellular mean?

Answer 30

single celled organism

Question 31

What genes does the circular strand of DNA contain in a bacterium?

Answer 31

The genes they need to survive and reproduce

Question 32

What happens in ribosomes?

Answer 32

protein synthesis

Question 33

What happens in the 2nd stage of the cell cycle (DNA replication)?

Answer 33

The DNA is duplicated by mitosis so the daughter cells can have identical DNA

Question 34

What happens in the first step of the cell cycle (Growth)?

Answer 34

The cell increases the number of sub-cellular structures

Question 35

What happens in the last stage of the cell cycle (division)?

Answer 35

The cell membrane and cytoplasm pull apart, to create 2 daughter cells. Each daughter cell has all 46 identical chromosomes

Question 36

What happens to the chromosomes when the cell is dividing?

Answer 36

Each chromosome is duplicated and the duplicate stays attached to the original

Question 37

What happens to the DNA when the cell is getting ready to divide?

Answer 37

The DNA condenses into chromosomes

Question 38

What happens to the duplicated chromosomes when the cell is dividing?

Answer 38

The duplicated chromosmes line up in the middle of the cell, then cell fibres from both sides attach to their respective side of the X shaped chromosome. The fibres pull apart the attached chromosomes so that the duplicated ones are all onn one side and the originals on the other.

Question 39

What is a cell wall made of?

Answer 39

cellulose

Question 40

what is a cell?

Answer 40

The smallest unit of life that can replicate independantly

Question 41

What is a disadvantage of light microscopes?

Answer 41

Thay dont have a very high magnification or resolution

Question 42

What is a flagellum?

Answer 42

It is a small tail-like organelle that rotates to propel the bacterium forward, however not all bacteria have one

Question 43

What is an advantage to the electron miscroscope?

Answer 43

It has a much higher resolution and magnification

Question 44

What is binary fission?

Answer 44

The process by which prokaryotic organsims divide and reproduce

Question 45

What is differentiation?

Answer 45

The process in which a stem cell becomes a specialised cell

Question 46

What is magnification?

Answer 46

How many times larger the image is than the object

Question 47

What is resolution?

Answer 47

The shortest distance between 2 points on an object, that can still be distinguished as separate.

Question 48

What is the approx. size of an atom?

Answer 48

0.1-0.2 nm

Question 49

What is the image in microscopy?

Answer 49

the image we see when we look down the microscope

Question 50

What is the lens that you put your eye to?

Answer 50

Eyepiece lens

Question 51

What is the magnification equation?

Answer 51

magnification = image size / object size

Question 52

What is the object in microscopy?

Answer 52

the real object or sample you are looking at.

Question 53

What makes plant's leaves green?

Answer 53

Chlorophyll

Question 54

What process do stem cells use to divide?

Answer 54

Mitosis

Question 55

What shape do the duplicate chromosomes form when they are attached?

Answer 55

an X shape

Question 56

What two knobs are there in a light microscope?

Answer 56

Coarse focusing and fine focusing

Question 57

what type of cell is a bacterium?

Answer 57

prokaryotic

Question 58

What type of cell is a fungus?

Answer 58

eukaryotic

Question 59

Where can adult stem cells be found?

Answer 59

In the bone marrow

Question 60

Where can you find the objective lenses?

Answer 60

above the stage, below the main body

Question 61

Where do you find plant stem cells?

Answer 61

Meristem tissue of a plant

Question 62

Where is the meristem tissue found?

Answer 62

THe tips of the roots and shoots

Question 63

Which cells can an embryonic stem cell differentiate into?

Answer 63

Any type of specialised cell

Question 64

What is the definition of diffusion (memorise)?

Answer 64

the net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Question 65

Does diffusion require energy?

Answer 65

no, diffusion is a passive process

Question 66

what are 3 factors that effect the rate of diffusion?

Answer 66

larger concentration gradient = higher rate of diffusion higher temperature = higher rate of diffusion larger the surface area = higher the rate of diffusion

Question 67

Which 5 molecules are able to diffuse in and out of cells?

Answer 67

amino acids, glucose, carbon dioxide, oxygen and water

Question 68

Why does a higher temperature increase the rate of diffusion?

Answer 68

when the temperature is higher the particles have more energy and move around more, allowing them to diffuse faster

Question 69

What is osmosis?

Answer 69

The diffusion of water across a partially permeable membrane from high water concentration to low concentration

Question 70

What is water concentration?

Answer 70

The amount of water compared to other particles dissolved within the water

Question 71

What would happen to red blood cells if they were placed in pure water?

Answer 71

They would gain water and swell

Question 72

Does active transport require energy?

Answer 72

yes, it is an active process

Question 73

What is active transport?

Answer 73

movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, which requires energy

Question 74

Where does the energy for active transport come from?

Answer 74

cellular respiration

Question 75

Where is active transport used?

Answer 75

in the root hair cells of plants in order to take in water and minerals from the soil

Question 76

True or false? Active transport can only take place across a membrane.

Answer 76

True

Question 77

How do our lungs increase the surface area?

Answer 77

through the alveoli

Question 78

How does our small intestine increase the surface area?

Answer 78

through villi

Question 79

What are the 2 main exchange surfaces in a human?

Answer 79

alveoli and villi

Question 80

What are the 2 main exchange surfaces in plants?

Answer 80

root hair cells and leaves

Question 81

What are common features between specialised exchange surfaces?

Answer 81

large surface area, the surfaces are usually very thin, the surfaces are permeable to the substances they need to exchange