Cell Biology

Question 1

What are all living things made of

Answer 1

Cells

Question 2

Cells can be either

Answer 2

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

Question 3

What is the difference Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells

Answer 3

Eukaryotic are complex and include animal +Plant cells
Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler e.g. Bacteria

Question 4

What are the functions of a Nucleus

Answer 4

Contains genetic material that controls the activities of the cell

Question 5

Cytoplasm

Answer 5

Gel-like substance where most of the chemical reactions happen + it contains enzymes that control these chemical reactions

Question 6

Cell membrane

Answer 6

Holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out

Question 7

Mitochondria

Answer 7

These are where most of the reactions for aerobic respiration take place. Respiration transfers energy that the cell needs to work

Question 8

Ribosomes

Answer 8

These are where proteins are made in the cell

Question 9

What special bits do plant cells do that animal cells dont

Answer 9

Cell wall , Permanent vacuole , Chloroplasts

Question 10

What are the functions of a cell wall

Answer 10

Made of cellulose . It support’s the cell and strengthens it

Question 11

Permanent vacuole

Answer 11

Contains cell sap , a weak solution of sugar and salts

Question 12

Chloroplasts

Answer 12

This is were photosynthesis occurs which makes food for the plant . They contain a green substance called chlorophyll , which absorbs the light needed for photosynthesis

Question 13

What are the sub-cellular structures of a a bacteria cell

Answer 13

cell membrane , cell wall , cytoplasm , single circular strand of DNA, Small rings of DNA called plasmids

Question 14

What is the difference between light and electron microscopes

Answer 14

electron microsopes have a higher resolution and magnification power

Question 15

What is cell differenciation

Answer 15

process which is when a cell changes to become specialised

Question 16

When do animal and plant cells lose the ability to differentiate

Answer 16

animal-lost early in life
plant-dont ever lose ablility

Question 17

What are undifferentiated cells called

Answer 17

stem cells

Question 18

What are sperm cells specialised for

Answer 18

reproduction

Question 19

What is the function of a sperm cell

Answer 19

Get male DNA to Female DNA
long tail and a streamlined head
lots of mitochondria
enzymes to digest eggs cell membrane

Question 20

What is the function of a nerve cell

Answer 20

Carry electrical signals from one part of the body to another
long and have branched connections to connect to other nerve cells in the body

Question 21

what is the function of a muscle cell

Answer 21

Contract quickly
cells are long so they have space to contract
lots of mitochondria to generate energy needed from contraction

Question 22

What is the function of a root hair cell

Answer 22

absorb minerals and water
they grow into long hairs that stick out into the soil
big surface area for absorbtion

Question 23

what is the function of the phloem and the xylem

Answer 23

transporting substances such as food and water around plants
xylem cells are hollow
and phloem has very few subcellular structures so stuff can flow through

Question 24

What are chromosomes

Answer 24

Coiled up lengths of DNA

Question 25

What do they contain

Answer 25

control the development of different characteristics

Question 26

how many copies do we have of each chromosome

Answer 26

2 one from father and mother

Question 27

What happens in the growth stage of mitosis(identical cell division)

Answer 27

DNA spreads out into long strings the cell grows(increases the amount of sub-cellular structures such as mitochondria and ribosomes duplicates DNA so there is one copy for each new cell forms x shaped chromosome

Question 28

What happens in the mitosis stage of identical cell division

Answer 28

The chromosomes are lined up at the centre of the cell and cell fibres pull it apart the two arms of each of the chromosomes go to the opposite ends membranes form around each set of the chromosomes these become the nuclei of the 2 new cells-the nucleus has divided lastly the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide cell produced 2 identical daughter cells

Question 29

What is binary fission

Answer 29

The way prokaryotic cells reproduce

Question 30

What happens in binary fission

Answer 30

The cell splits into 2 the circular DNA and plasmids replicate The cell gets bigger and the circular DNA strands move to opposite poles of the cell The cytoplasm begins to divide and new cell walls begin to form each daughter cell has one copy of circular DNA but can have a variable number copies of plasmids

Question 31

How do you work out mean division time

Answer 31

average amount of time for one bacterial cell to divide into 2

Question 32

What are embryonic stem cells

Answer 32

Stem cells that are found in early human embryos that can specialise into any type of cell

Question 33

What are adult stem cells