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cell biology Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

cell theory

A

all cells are composed of 1 or more cells, came from pre-existing cells, vital functions of an organism occur within a cell, are basic units of life, and contain hereditary info

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2
Q

plastids

A

double membrane organelle that stores/makes food (only in plant cells)

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3
Q

cell wall

A

fungi: chitin
plant cells: cellulose

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4
Q

light micrograph (prokaryotic)

A

arranged in groups, chains, gram-stained, helical, spherical, or rod-shaped, small in size

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5
Q

electron micrograph (prokaryotic)

A

no membrane bound organelles, cell wall external to plasma membrane, nucleoid region w/DNA

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6
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

only organelle is a ribosome

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6
Q

light micrograph (eukaryotic)

A

multicellular, flat sides w/cell wall, large water vacuole, chloroplast, nucleus visible if stained

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7
Q

what do plant cells have that animal cells do not?

A

cell wall, chloroplasts, and a vacuole

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8
Q

freeze fracture

A

breaking apart a frozen biological sample

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9
Q

striated skeletal muscle

A

multinucleate cytoplasm

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10
Q

ultracentrifuge

A

spins and splits into diff densities

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11
Q

cell homogenate

A

contains all the organelles

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12
Q

larger organelles are where at the end of spinning?

A

the bottom

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13
Q

bound ribosomes

A

secrete proteins

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14
Q

free ribosome

A

store proteins

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15
Q

formation of vesicles:

A

-clathrin creates a coat to help phospholipids keep a round shape
-vesicle is formed and clathrin is removed
-vesicles are moved through motor proteins along cytoskeleton track

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15
Q

hydrophobic molecules

A

-examples: oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen
-easy to pass through

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16
Q

small, uncharged, polar molecules

A

examples: hydrogen, glycerol
difficult to pass through

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17
Q

large, uncharged, polar

A

examples: glucose, sucrose
difficult to pass through

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18
Q

ions

A

-examples: potassium, sodium, chlorine
-difficult to pass through

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19
Q

hydrophilic

A

polar

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20
Q

hydrophobic

A

nonpolar

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21
Q

interstitial fluid

A

extracellular

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22
Q

cytosolic fluid

A

intracellular

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22
saturated
no double carbon bond, straight chain, reduce flexibility, higher melting point, membrane strong @ high temps, packed tightly
23
factors affecting fluidity of membrane
temperature, length (longer=less fluid), and saturated/ unsaturated fatty acids
24
unsaturated
at least 1 double carbon bond, kinked chain, packed loosely, increase flexibility, lower melting point, membrane weaker at @ high temps
25
peripheral proteins
attached to 1 or other surface of bilayer
25
glycoproteins
carbs linked to proteins (extracellular)
26
glycolipids
carbs linked to lipids (side of membrane)
27
types of cell adhesion
-cell-cell -cell-ecm -ecm-cytoplasm
28
integral proteins
embedded in 1 or both lipid layers
29
voltage gated channels
only open at specific cell voltage sodium and potassium
29
simple diffusion
carbon, oxygen
30
facilitated diffusion
uses channel proteins to allow ions down gradient without ATP
30
aquaporins
proteins that allow water to pass through membrane easy
31
neurotransmitter gated chemicals
nicotine acetylcholine receptors
32
sodium potassium pump
uses 1 ATP to pump 3 sodium ions out of cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell
33
hypertonic
higher solute concentration (shrink)
34
hypotonic
lower solute concentration (burst)
35
isotonic
equal solute concentration
36
multicellular organisms need what kind of tissue
isotonic
37
plasmolysis occurs in
hypertonic medium
38
turgor pressure develops into
hypotonic medium
39
solutions w/low water potential contain
lots of hydrogen bonds reducing potential energy for movement
40
morphogens
signaling molecules that control cell decisions, proliferation, creates formations of tissues/organs
41
injury/diseases occur...
stem cells divide more rapidly
42
hematopoietic
stem cell niche in bone marrow
43
totipotent
all cell types, can create a new organism
44
pluripotent
most cell types, cannot create an entire organism
45
multipotent
diff cell types in a family of related cells
46
early stage animal cells
start totipotent and become pluripotent
47
adult stem cells are
multipotent
48
cell size increases
surface area to volume ratio decreases
49
type 1 pneumocytes
-extremely thin to reduce distances for diffusion -adapted for gas exchange
50
type 2 pneumocytes
-vesicles to discharge surfactant for alveolar lumen -surfactant prevents sides of alveolus adhering to each other and reduces surface tensions
51
cardiac muscle cells
-short, narrow, rectangular, mononucleated -branched, connected by gap junction, faster signals -reliant on ATP
52
striated muscle fiber
-long, cylindrical, multinucleated -unbranched to form muscle bundle
53
sperm characteristics
-haploid nucleus=paternal DNA -acrosome cap=hydrolytic enzyme -flagellum composed of axoneme (microtubules) -mid piece has high amounts of ATP -centrioles needed to divide
54
egg characteristics
-zona pellucida= glycoprotein matrix to act as a barrier to sperm entry -corona radiata = external layer of follicular cells -cortical granules have enzymes released upon fertilization to prevent polyspermy
55
receptors
allow signal molecules to bind in/on target cell
56
ligand
smaller molecule that binds to a bigger molecule
57
ligands will only match
a specific receptor
58
cytokine
small signaling cells that affect: -same cell it came from -nearby cell -whole body
59
process of calcium ions signaling within muscle fibers/neurons
-skeletal muscle fiber receive signal to contract from neurons -ions leave er -ions attach to er proteins, causing muscle contractions
60
amines
small molecules synthesized by modification of amino acids -embedded on surface of target cells -cannot pass through hydrophobic part of membrane
61
hydrophobic signaling molecules
can cross bilayer
62
hydrophilic signaling molecules
can't cross bilayer
63
GPCR
-singly polypeptide embedded in membrane -attached to g-protein inside the cell
63
signaling molecules
first messengers
64
no chem signal
inactive GPCR
65
steps of active gpcr
1. ligands binds to GPCR 2. GPCR changes shape 3. GDP detaches from alpha subunit of g-protein 4. GTP replaces GDP 5. g-protein becomes GTP bound subunit and beta gamma dimer 6. subunit converts the signal
66
what type of hormone is epinephrine?
amine

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