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N5 Biology > Cell biology > Flashcards

Cell biology Flashcards

(114 cards)

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1
Q

What is an organelle

A

Tiny structures which carry out specialised functions

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2
Q

what is the function of the nucleus and what cells can it be found in

A

controls cell activities and contains genetic material/ DNA
found in animal, plant and fungal cells

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3
Q

what is the function of the cell membrane and in what cells can it be found

A

controls entry and exit of materials to and from the cell. It is selectively permeable
found in all 4 cell types

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4
Q

what is the function of the cytoplasm and in what cells can it be found

A

the site of chemical reactions within the cell. It is a liquid that is made up of water with other substances dissolved in it.

It can be found in all 4 cell types

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5
Q

what is the function of the cell wall and in what cell types can it be found

A

provides support to the cell
made of cellulose in plant cells and different aterials in fungal and bacterial cells

found plant, bacterial and fungal cells

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6
Q

function of chloroplasts and in what cells can it be found

A

contain the green chemical chlorophyll and are the site of photosynthesis
only present in plant cells

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7
Q

function of vacuole and what cells can it be found in

A

a large fluid/ sap filled structure that provides support for the cell
found in plant and fungal cells

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8
Q

what is the function of the mitochondrion and what cells is it found in

A

the site of aerobic respiration
found in animal, plant and fungal cells

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9
Q

function of the ribosome and what cells is it found in

A

the site of protein synthesis
found in all 4 cell types

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10
Q

function of plasmid and what cell types is it found in

A

small circular rings if DNA that can be replicated and transferred between bacteria
found in bacterial cell

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11
Q

what is a stain

A

a colourful chemical that is used to make some parts of a cell more visible

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12
Q

what is a micrometre (um)

A

a unit of measurement equivalent to
1/1000th mm

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13
Q

what is diffusion

A

the movement of molecules down a conventration gradient from a higher to lower concentration
it is a PASSIVE process and DOESNT REQUIRE ENERGY

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14
Q

what is a concentration gradient

A

the difference in concentration of a substance that occurs between two solutions or two cells/ tissues with solution

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15
Q

2 reasons why cells need diffusion

A

to take in substances they need e.g glucose and oxygen for aerobic respiration

to get rid of waste substances e.g carbin dioxide which is produced during aerobic respiration

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16
Q

what is osmosis

A

the movement of water molecules fro a higher water concentration to a lower concentratuin through a selectively permeable membrane.
it is a PASSIVE process anf DOESNT REQUIRE ENERGY

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17
Q

what is an independant variable

A

the variable altered during a scientific experiment

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18
Q

what is a dependant variable

A

the variable being tested and measured during an experiment

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19
Q

what is a controlled variable

A

a variable that is kept the same during an experiment

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20
Q

what happens to plant cells when placed in distilled water

A

plant cells gain water by osmosis as there is a higher water concentrations outside the cell than inside the cell. Water moves into the plant cells by osmosis down a concentration gradient from hugher to lower water concentration, which causes an increase in mass. The plant cell becomes TURGID

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21
Q

what happens to a plant cell when placed in strong sucrose solution

A

plant cells lose water by osmosis as there is a higher water concentration inside the cell than outside the cell. Water moves out of the cell by osmosis down a concentration gradient from higher concentration to lower concentration causing a decrease in mass. The plant cell becomes PLASMOLYSED

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22
Q

what happens when red blood cells are placed in dilute solutions

A

they burst because there is a higher water concentration outside the cell, so thesolution moves into the cell and increases its mass, and because there is no cell wall for support, it bursts.

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23
Q

what happens when red blood cells are placed in a concentrated solution

A

cells shrink because there is a higher water concentration inside the cell.
Water will move by osmosis out of the cells and because there is no cell wall fro support, the cell will shrink

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24
Q

what is active transport

A

Active transport requires energy in the form of ATP for membrane proteins to move molecules and ions against the concentration gradient

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25
What are the 2 molecules in a cell membrane
Protein molecules (larger) and phospholipid molecules (smaller)
26
How do molecules move in passive transport
From high concentration to low concentration
27
How do molecules move in active transport
Lower concentration to higher concentration
28
How do molecules in passive transport move in relation to the concentration gradient
Molecules move down the concentration gradient
29
How do molecules in active transport move in relation to the concentration gradient
Molecules move against the concentration gradient
30
Does passive transport require energy
No
31
Does active transport require energy
Yes, ATP
32
Examples of molecules moved by passive transport
Oxygen, water, carbon dioxide
33
Examples of molecules moved by active transport
Sodium, potassium, iodine
34
Molecule needed by leaf cell for photosynthesis
Glucose
35
Appearance of a plant cell in a strong salt solution
Plasmolysed
36
The movement of molecules down a concentration gradient from higher to lower
Diffusion
37
The movement of water molecules from a higher concentration to lower concentration through a selectively permeable membrane
Osmosis
38
Appearance of a plant immersed in pure water
Turgid
39
Where is DNA (largest to smallest)
Nucleus, chromosome, gene. DNA
40
Why is DNA needed
Carries the code to make all living things, proteins
41
Shape of DNA
Double helix
42
What are the four bases of DNA
Adenine (A) Guanine(G) Thymine(T) Cytosine(C)
43
What are the complementary base pairs
C-G A-T
44
What does DNA form in the nucleus
Chromosomes
45
What is the significance of the sequence of bases in DNA
It determined the structure and function of the protein. It determines the order of amino acids
46
Where does protein synthesis take place
Ribosome
47
What is the role of the messenger RNA
Takes a version of the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome (cytoplasm)
48
What are the 5 functions of proteins (Think of the acronym)
Structural- form essential structural support to cells like the proteins in the cell membrane and collagen Hormones- chemicals that are produced in one part of the body and carried int he blood to another part e.g insulin Antibodies- made by white blood cells and they help fight against disease. They are specific to the infection they work against Receptors- act as a binding site for molecules Enzymes- biological catalysts that speed up the rate of cellular reaction. They are essential and processes like photosynthesis would occur to slowly without them
49
What is a catalyst
Substance which speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up
50
What is an enzyme
Speed up the rate of cellular reactions while remaining unchanged
51
What is an active site
The location on the enzyme where the substrate attaches
52
What is a substrate
The substance an enzyme works on
53
What is a product
What is made at the end of an enzyme-catalysed reaction
54
What is an enzyme/substrate complex
Substrates in enzymes active site and enzyme reaction taking place
55
What does it mean when the reaction is specific
The action of an enzyme into working on one substrate
56
What is a degradation reaction
Where a large molecule is broken down into smaller molecules
57
What is a synthesis reaction
Reaction where smaller molecules are joined to from a larger molecule
58
What does optimum conditions mean
There are certain conditions in which an enzyme works at its best (most active), these are optimum conditions elg temperature and pH
59
What is the working range
The range of values e.g temperature or pH’s at which an enzyme is working
60
What does denatured mean
An enzyme that has had the shape of its active site permanently changed due to high temperatures
61
Describe a degradation reaction
A substrate fits into the active site of an enzyme to form an enzyme substrate complex. The reaction takes place and smaller molecules are released from the active site. The enzyme molecule remains unchanged and is then reused
62
Describe a synthesis reaction
The substrate of 2 smaller molecules fits into the enzyme to form the enzyme substrate complex. The reaction take place and one larger molecule is released, the enzyme can then be reused as it is unchanged
63
What is HP COW and what type of reaction is it
Substrate- hydrogen peroxide Enzymes catalase Products- oxygen and water Degradation reaction
64
What is SAM and what type of reaction is it
Substrate Starch Enzyme- amylase Products- maltose Degradation
65
What is G1PPS and what is its reaction type
Substrate- glucose-1-phosphate Enzyme- phosphorylase Product- starch Synthesis reaction
66
What is FLAG and what type of reaction is it
Substrate- fat Enzyme- lipase Products- fatty acids and glycerol Degradation reaction
67
What is PPP What type of reaction
Substrate- protein Enzyme- pepsin Product- peptides Degradation reaction
68
What do enzymes make
Proteins
69
What is an antibody
Proteins that defend the body against disease
70
What is a receptor
Protein on the cell surface with a shape complementary to a hormone
71
What is genetic engineering
Genetic engineering involves taking genetic information from one cell and transferring it into another. These cells can be from different species of organism. The process is also known as genetic modification
72
What are the 8 stages of genetic engineering
1. Identify a section of DNA that contains the gene for making the desired protein from the chromosome 2. Remove the required gene using an enzyme 3. Collect bacterial cell and remove plasmid 4. Open the plasmid using the same enzyme that was used for the gene 5. Insert the gene in to the open plasmid and close using a different enzyme 6. Insert the plasmid into a host bacterial cell to produce a genetically modified organism 7. Grow the bacteria to have lots of bacterial cells containing the new gene to make the new protein 8. Extract and purify the protein for use
73
5 uses of genetic engineering
Human growth hormone- a hormone produced by cells in the pituitary gland. Essential during childhood and adolescence to control growth and development. Insulin- made by pancreas cells. Controls the level of glucose in blood Blight resistant potatoes- a food crop which is resistant to a fungal disease which causes rotting Tomatoes- genetically engineered to have a longer shelf life Golden rice- genetically engineered to be yellow in colour and contains lots of vitamin A
74
Antibiotic resistance
An example of a gene that is naturally transferred from one bacteria to another
75
Plasmid
Small circle of bacterial DNA
76
Gene
A short length of DNA that has the information to make a single protein
77
Donor
Organism from which the genetic material is obtained for transfer to another species
78
Advantages of using micro organism
Easy to work with Multiply quickly
79
Advantages of producing medicinal products by genetic engineering
Quicker process Less allergic reactions
80
What sugar is the most common source of energy in living cells
Glucose
81
What is respiration
An enzyme controlled reaction by which we ergo stored in sugar is released
82
Show model of ATP
Adenosine- Pi-Pi-Pi Last bind is the bind which must be broken to release energy
83
When is energy uptake
ADP+Pi-ATP
84
When is energy released
ATP- ADP+Pi
85
3 uses of ATP
Cell division, muscular contraction, Synthesis of proteins
86
What is aerobic respiration, and equation
The release of energy from glucose in the presence of oxygen. Glucose + oxygen —(enzymes)— carbon dioxide + water + energy
87
What is stage one of respiration
Glycolysis No oxygen required Takes place int he cytoplasm Glucose I I. 2 ATP I 2x pyruvate In glycolysis glucose is borne down into 2 molecules of pyruvate in a series of enzyme controlled reactions. No oxygen is required. This stage yields 2 ATP molecules overall and takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell
88
What is stage 2 of alibis respiration
Breakdown of pyruvate Oxygen is required Takes place int mitochondrion Pyruvate I I A large number of I. ATP Carbon dioxide+ water If oxygen is present aerobic respiration takes place, each pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide and water, enough energy is released to yield a large number of ATP molecules This stage is controlled by enzymes and takes place in the mitochondria
89
What is fermentation and where does is occur
The breakdown of glucose when oxygen is absent Occurs in animal cells and yeast cells Takes place in cytoplasm Absence of oxygen Glucose I I 2 ATP I Animal Yeast and Cells Plant cells Lactate Ethanol And Carbon Dioxide
90
Fermentation in animal cells summary equation
Glucose —(enzyme)— lactate + energy
91
Fermentation in plant and yeast cells summary equation
Glucose—(enzymes)— ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy
92
what is a respirometer
a piece of apparatus to measure the rate of respiration for example volume of oxygen consumed per minute by a living organism
93
how does the respirometer work
carbon dioxide given out by the earthworm is absorbed by the sodium hydroxide oxygen taken in by the earthworm causes the volume of air in the enclosed system to decrease and the level of coloured liquid in the tube to rise the level of coloured dye is measured at the start after a set period of time, the change in the level of coloured dye is measured to show the volume of oxygen used.
94
how would a control tube be used in a respirometer
it will not have a living organism in it, but will have everything else, to show that it was the impact from respiring and nothing else in the boiling tube that was having an effect
95
will a glowing splint relight in a boiling tube with live peas or boiled peas
the flask with boiled peas as they will not respire and use up oxygen
96
how is sterilising fluid used in an experiment with peas
sterilising fluid is used to soak the boiled peas to kill any microorganisms that may respire and use up oxygen
97
when does limewater turn cloudy
when carbon dioxide is added
98
will lime water turn cloudy in a test tube with live peas or boiled peas
limewater will turn cloudy in the test tube with live peas, as when they respire, they will produce carbon dioxide
99
will the temperature increase in a vacuum flask with live peas or boiled peas
the temperature will increase in the vacuum flask with live peas, as they will respire and produce heat energy, so the temperature on the thermometer will increase
100
pyruvate
produced first when glucose is broken down
101
product of fermentation in yeast that makes beer fizzy
carbon dioxide
102
where does the second stage of respiration occcur
mitochondria
103
3 cellular activities that require energy from ATP
active transport protein synthesis cell division
104
number of ATP yield per glucose molecule from fermentation
2
105
other name for alcohol produced by yeast fermentation
ethanol
106
where the first stage of respiration and fermentation take place
cytoplasm
107
ATP yield per glucose molecule from aerobic repiration
large number
108
controls the series of repiration reactions
enzymes
109
made from pyruvate in animal cells if oxygen is unavailable
lactate
110
required for the second stage of respiration
oxygen
111
short term store of chemical energy
ATP
112
cells that produce ethanol and carbon dioxide when oxygen is not available
plant
113
energy rich molecule that is the substrate for respiration
glucose
114
produced during aerobic respiration but not fermentation
water

N5 Biology (3 decks)

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