Cell Biology Flashcards
(14 cards)
What happens during an enzyme reaction?
An enzyme-substrate complex forms, facilitating the reaction
What reactions can enzymes be involved in?
Degradation reactions - converts a substrate to products
Synthesis reactions - converts substrates to a product
What does enzyme action result in?
Product(s)
What is the shape of the active site of an enzyme molecule complementary to?
Its specific substrate
What do enzymes do?
Enzymes speed up cellular reactions and are unchanged in the process
What does a sequence of amino acids determine?
The shape and function of a protein
Name the five types of protein and their functions.
Structural - forms supporting frameworks inside cells
Hormones - communication between different parts of the body
Antibodies - produced by white blood cells to defend the body
Receptors - receive signals and allow chemicals to bind
Enzymes - biological catalysts, speed up chemical reaction
What are the stages of genetic engineering?
- Identify section of DNA with required gene
- Extract required gene using enzymes
- Insert required gene into bacterial plasmid using enzymes
- Insert plasmid into host bacterial cell to produce a genetically modified organism (GMO)
Give 3 examples of genetic engineering.
- Tomatoes with a longer shelf life
- Production of insulin for humans with diabetes
- Nutritious golden rice
What is the energy released from the breakdown of glucose used for?
To generate ATP
What happens when an enzyme is denatured?
Its shape is changed which affects the rate of reaction
Which cellular activities require ATP?
- Muscle cell contraction
- Cell division
- Protein synthesis
- Transmission of nerve impulses
- Active transport
What is genetic engineering?
The process of genetic information being transferred from one cell to another
How can you release the chemical energy stored in glucose?
By a series of enzyme-controlled reactions called respiration
