cell biology

Question 1

what do eukaryotic cells have

Answer 1

nucleus, cell membrane and cytoplasm. include animal and plant cells

Question 2

what does the cell membrane do?

Answer 2

controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell

Question 3

what is the cytoplasm?

Answer 3

jelly like substance where reactions rake place inside a cell

Question 4

What releases energy and takes place inside mitochondria?

Answer 4

Respiration

Respiration is a biochemical process that converts nutrients into energy.

Question 5

Where are proteins made in cells?

Answer 5

Inside ribosomes

Ribosomes are essential for protein synthesis.

Question 6

What are cell walls made of?

Answer 6

Cellulose

Cellulose provides structural support to plant cells.

Question 7

What stores cell sap and gives a cell structure?

Answer 7

A vacuole

Vacuoles can also store nutrients and waste products.

Question 8

What do chloroplasts contain that is used for photosynthesis?

Answer 8

Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll is crucial for converting solar energy into chemical energy.

Question 9

What absorbs light for photosynthesis?

Answer 9

Chlorophyll

This process is fundamental for the production of glucose in plants.

Question 10

Where is genetic material stored in a cell?

Answer 10

On chromosomes held in the nucleus

The nucleus serves as the control center of the cell.

Question 11

Do prokaryotic cells have a nucleus?

Answer 11

No

Prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, lack membrane-bound organelles.

Question 12

What do prokaryotic cells have instead of a nucleus?

Answer 12

A cell membrane and cytoplasm

These components allow for cellular functions despite the absence of a nucleus.

Question 13

What happens to a cell as it differentiates?

Answer 13

It develops different sub-cellular structures to enable it to carry out a particular function

This process results in the cell becoming a specialised cell.

Question 14

What are sperm cells specialised for?

Answer 14

Energy production with a large number of mitochondria

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell.

Question 15

What are mesophyll cells specialised for?

Answer 15

Photosynthesis with a large number of chloroplasts

Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, which captures light energy.

Question 16

When do animal cells typically differentiate?

Answer 16

At an early stage of life

Question 17

When can plant cells differentiate?

Answer 17

Throughout their life

Question 18

How is magnification calculated?

Answer 18

Image size ÷ actual size

Question 19

What does ‘um’ stand for?

Answer 19

Micrometre

Question 20

What does ‘nm’ stand for?

Answer 20

Nanometre

Question 21

How many micrometres are in a millimetre?

Answer 21

1000 m

Question 22

Which type of microscope was developed first?

Answer 22

Light microscopes

Question 23

What advantages do electron microscopes have over light microscopes?

Answer 23

Greater magnification and resolution

This allows for the observation of more subcellular structures.

Question 24

What is the purpose of mitosis?

Answer 24

Allows cells to divide for growth, repair, and development of an embryo

Question 25

What occurs during Stage 1 of the cell cycle?

Answer 25

DNA is copied & number of subcellular structures, mitochondria & ribosomes are increased

Question 26

What happens during Stage 2 of the cell cycle?

Answer 26

Chromosomes are pulled to either end of the cell and nucleus

Question 27

What occurs during Stage 3 of the cell cycle?

Answer 27

Cytoplasm and cell membranes divide to form 2 genetically identical cells

Question 28

What are stem cells?

Answer 28

Undifferentiated cells found in embryos, adult animals, and meristems in plants

Question 29

What can stem cells from human embryos be made to differentiate into?

Answer 29

Most different types of human cells

Question 30

What medical conditions can be treated with stem cells?

Answer 30

Diabetes and paralysis

Question 31

What are some risks associated with the use of stem cells?

Answer 31

Transfer of viral infection and religious and ethical objections about killing a potential human life

Question 32

How can stem cells in plants be utilized?

Answer 32

To produce clones of plants quickly and economically

Question 33

What is diffusion?

Answer 33

The passive movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration.

Question 34

What factors can change the rate of diffusion?

Answer 34

Concentration gradient, temperature, and surface area.

Question 35

Why are surfaces and organ systems in multicellular organisms specialised?

Answer 35

For exchanging materials.

Question 36

What are the four factors that increase the effectiveness of an exchange surface?

Answer 36

* Large surface area * Thin membrane * Efficient blood supply (in animals) * Being ventilated (in animals for gas exchange)

Question 37

What is osmosis?

Answer 37

The passive movement of water from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration, across a partially permeable membrane.

Question 38

What causes mass changes in plant cells?

Answer 38

The movement of water across a plant cell membrane.

Question 39

What is active transport?

Answer 39

The use of energy from respiration to transport substances across a membrane from low concentration to high concentration.

Question 40

Where is active transport used in the body?

Answer 40

In root hair cells and the small intestine for the absorption of nutrients.