Cell Biology Flashcards
(170 cards)
1
Q
What are eukaryotic cells?
A
Cells that have a nucleus and other membrane-bound compartments called organelles.
2
Q
What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?
A
Contains the genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell’s activities.
3
Q
What does the cell membrane do?
A
Controls what enters and leaves the cell.
4
Q
What is cytoplasm?
A
The jelly-like substance filling the cell where most chemical reactions happen.
5
Q
What are mitochondria known for?
A
They are the ‘powerhouses’ of the cell, carrying out respiration to release energy.
6
Q
What is the role of ribosomes?
A
Tiny structures where proteins are made.
7
Q
What is the function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?
A
Helps transport materials and make lipids and proteins.
8
Q
What does the Golgi Apparatus do?
A
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for delivery.
9
Q
What are lysosomes responsible for?
A
Contain digestive enzymes to break down waste and old cell parts.
10
Q
What is the function of the cell wall in plant cells?
A
Provides support and protection to the plant cell.
11
Q
What do chloroplasts do?
A
Carry out photosynthesis to make food using light energy.
12
Q
What is the primary storage function of the large central vacuole in plant cells?
A
Holds water, nutrients, and waste.
13
Q
How do prokaryotic cells differ in size compared to eukaryotic cells?
A
Bacterial cells are much smaller than plant and animal cells.
14
Q
Where is the DNA located in eukaryotic cells?
A
Inside a nucleus.
15
Q
Where is the DNA located in prokaryotic cells?
A
Free in the cytoplasm in a region called the nucleoid.
16
Q
What is the structure of DNA in eukaryotic cells?
A
Linear strands called chromosomes.
17
Q
What is the structure of DNA in prokaryotic cells?
A
Usually a single, circular loop of DNA.
18
Q
What is cell differentiation?
A
The process where a less specialized cell changes to become a more specialized cell type.
19
Q
What is mitosis?
A
A type of cell division where one cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
20
Q
What are stem cells?
A
Undifferentiated cells that can divide and differentiate into many types of specialized cells.
21
Q
What are embryonic stem cells?
A
Cells from very early-stage human embryos that are pluripotent.
22
Q
What are adult stem cells?
A
Found in adult tissues and are multipotent.
23
Q
What is binary fission?
A
The way prokaryotic cells reproduce asexually.
24
Q
What is diffusion?
A
The movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration.
25
What factors affect the rate of diffusion?
* Concentration gradient
* Temperature
* Surface area
* Diffusion distance
26
What is osmosis?
The movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane.
27
Fill in the blank: The cell membrane is _______.
selectively permeable
28
True or False: Mitosis is important for growth and repair in multicellular organisms.
True
29
What adaptations do root hair cells have?
Long, thin extensions that increase surface area for absorption.
30
What is the function of phloem cells?
Transport sugars throughout the plant.
31
What is the role of chlorophyll in chloroplasts?
Captures light energy for photosynthesis.
32
What is the main function of xylem cells?
Transport water and dissolved minerals upwards in plants.
33
What is the significance of a large surface area in exchange surfaces?
Allows for a high rate of diffusion.
34
What is blood supply or ventilation in animals and plants?
Helps to maintain a steep concentration gradient by constantly moving substances away from the exchange surface and bringing new supplies.
35
Why do gases need a moist surface for gas exchange?
Gases need to dissolve in water to diffuse across cell membranes.
36
Define osmosis.
The movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration of water molecules to an area of lower concentration.
37
What is a required practical activity to investigate osmosis in plant tissue?
Use potato cylinders in different concentrations of salt or sugar solutions, measuring mass before and after.
38
What happens to potato in pure water during osmosis?
It will likely gain mass as water moves in by osmosis.
39
What is active transport?
The movement of substances across a cell membrane from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, requiring energy.
40
What is the link between root hair cell structure and function?
Long root hair increases surface area for absorption; many mitochondria provide energy for active transport.
41
What are the uses of active transport in plants?
Uptake of mineral ions from the soil by root hair cells.
42
What is the main difference between diffusion, osmosis, and active transport?
Diffusion moves solute particles, osmosis moves water molecules, and active transport moves solute particles against the concentration gradient.
43
What is the basic building block of all living organisms?
Cell.
44
What is a tissue?
A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.
45
What is an organ?
A structure made up of different tissues working together to carry out a particular job.
46
What is an organism?
A complete living being made up of one or more organ systems or a single cell.
47
What is the function of epidermal tissue in plants?
Forms the outer protective layer of the plant.
48
Where is palisade mesophyll found and what is its function?
Found in the upper part of the leaf; the main site of photosynthesis.
49
What is the role of xylem tissue?
Transport of water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.
50
What does phloem tissue do?
Carries sugars produced during photosynthesis from the leaves to other parts of the plant.
51
What is transpiration?
The process by which water moves through a plant and evaporates from aerial parts.
52
What effect does temperature have on the rate of transpiration?
Increases the rate of transpiration due to higher evaporation.
53
What role do guard cells play?
Control the opening and closing of stomata for gas exchange.
54
What is the word equation for photosynthesis?
Carbon Dioxide + Water --(Light Energy + Chlorophyll)--> Glucose + Oxygen.
55
What is a limiting factor in photosynthesis?
Something that is in short supply and restricts the rate of the process.
56
What is the inverse square law in relation to light intensity?
The intensity of light decreases as the square of the distance from the light source increases.
57
What are six uses of glucose by plants?
* Respiration
* Conversion into starch
* Conversion into sucrose
* Conversion into cellulose
* Conversion into lipids
* Conversion into amino acids and proteins.
58
How do plants use nitrate ions absorbed from the soil?
Combined with glucose to synthesize amino acids for building proteins.
59
What is the main function of the digestive system?
To digest and absorb food.
60
What is the role of the mouth in the digestive system?
Physical and chemical digestion.
61
What tissue produces saliva in the digestive system?
Glandular tissue in the salivary glands.
62
What is the digestive system?
An organ system made up of several organs working together to digest and absorb food.
63
What are the main functions of the mouth in the digestive system?
Physical and chemical digestion.
64
What is the role of salivary glands?
Produce saliva and enzymes like salivary amylase.
65
What is peristalsis?
Waves of muscle contractions that push food through the oesophagus.
66
What are the main functions of the stomach?
Physical and chemical digestion.
67
What does the liver do?
Detoxifies blood and produces bile.
68
Which enzymes does the pancreas produce?
Lipase, protease, amylase.
69
What is the main function of the small intestine?
Digestion and absorption of nutrients into the blood.
70
What is the role of villi in the small intestine?
Increase surface area for absorption of nutrients.
71
What is the primary function of the large intestine?
Absorbs water.
72
What is the function of the rectum?
Storage of waste.
73
What is the role of the anus?
Ejects waste from the body.
74
Define metabolism.
All chemical reactions in the body.
75
What are enzymes?
Biological catalysts that speed up metabolic reactions.
76
What is denaturation in relation to enzymes?
Permanent change in an enzyme's shape, preventing it from working.
77
Where is amylase produced and what does it break down?
Produced in salivary glands and pancreas; breaks down starch into smaller sugars.
78
What is the function of bile?
Neutralizes acidic food from the stomach and emulsifies fats.
79
What is the positive result of the iodine test for carbohydrates?
Turns blue-black.
80
What does Benedict's solution test for, and what is a positive result?
Tests for sugars; turns from blue to green, yellow, or brick-red when positive.
81
What is the positive result of the Biuret test for proteins?
Turns from blue to purple.
82
Describe the method for testing lipids.
Use ethanol and water or Sudan III; forms a cloudy white emulsion or stains red-orange.
83
What is the optimum pH for amylase?
The pH at which starch is broken down fastest.
84
Fill in the blank: The digestive enzymes break down large, insoluble food molecules into small, ________ molecules for absorption into the bloodstream.
soluble
85
What are key skills required for laboratory work?
Using a microscope, calculating size of specimens, plotting graphs, and safe use of laboratory apparatus.
86
What are eukaryotic cells?
Cells that have a nucleus and other membrane-bound compartments called organelles.
87
What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?
Contains the genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell's activities.
88
What does the cell membrane do?
Controls what enters and leaves the cell.
89
What is cytoplasm?
The jelly-like substance filling the cell where most chemical reactions happen.
90
What are mitochondria known for?
They are the 'powerhouses' of the cell, carrying out respiration to release energy.
91
What is the role of ribosomes?
Tiny structures where proteins are made.
92
What is the function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?
Helps transport materials and make lipids and proteins.
93
What does the Golgi Apparatus do?
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for delivery.
94
What are lysosomes responsible for?
Contain digestive enzymes to break down waste and old cell parts.
95
What is the function of the cell wall in plant cells?
Provides support and protection to the plant cell.
96
What do chloroplasts do?
Carry out photosynthesis to make food using light energy.
97
What is the primary storage function of the large central vacuole in plant cells?
Holds water, nutrients, and waste.
98
How do prokaryotic cells differ in size compared to eukaryotic cells?
Bacterial cells are much smaller than plant and animal cells.
99
Where is the DNA located in eukaryotic cells?
Inside a nucleus.
100
Where is the DNA located in prokaryotic cells?
Free in the cytoplasm in a region called the nucleoid.
101
What is the structure of DNA in eukaryotic cells?
Linear strands called chromosomes.
102
What is the structure of DNA in prokaryotic cells?
Usually a single, circular loop of DNA.
103
What is cell differentiation?
The process where a less specialized cell changes to become a more specialized cell type.
104
What is mitosis?
A type of cell division where one cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
105
What are stem cells?
Undifferentiated cells that can divide and differentiate into many types of specialized cells.
106
What are embryonic stem cells?
Cells from very early-stage human embryos that are pluripotent.
107
What are adult stem cells?
Found in adult tissues and are multipotent.
108
What is binary fission?
The way prokaryotic cells reproduce asexually.
109
What is diffusion?
The movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration.
110
What factors affect the rate of diffusion?
* Concentration gradient
* Temperature
* Surface area
* Diffusion distance
111
What is osmosis?
The movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane.
112
Fill in the blank: The cell membrane is _______.
selectively permeable
113
True or False: Mitosis is important for growth and repair in multicellular organisms.
True
114
What adaptations do root hair cells have?
Long, thin extensions that increase surface area for absorption.
115
What is the function of phloem cells?
Transport sugars throughout the plant.
116
What is the role of chlorophyll in chloroplasts?
Captures light energy for photosynthesis.
117
What is the main function of xylem cells?
Transport water and dissolved minerals upwards in plants.
118
What is the significance of a large surface area in exchange surfaces?
Allows for a high rate of diffusion.
119
What is blood supply or ventilation in animals and plants?
Helps to maintain a steep concentration gradient by constantly moving substances away from the exchange surface and bringing new supplies.
120
Why do gases need a moist surface for gas exchange?
Gases need to dissolve in water to diffuse across cell membranes.
121
Define osmosis.
The movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration of water molecules to an area of lower concentration.
122
What is a required practical activity to investigate osmosis in plant tissue?
Use potato cylinders in different concentrations of salt or sugar solutions, measuring mass before and after.
123
What happens to potato in pure water during osmosis?
It will likely gain mass as water moves in by osmosis.
124
What is active transport?
The movement of substances across a cell membrane from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, requiring energy.
125
What is the link between root hair cell structure and function?
Long root hair increases surface area for absorption; many mitochondria provide energy for active transport.
126
What are the uses of active transport in plants?
Uptake of mineral ions from the soil by root hair cells.
127
What is the main difference between diffusion, osmosis, and active transport?
Diffusion moves solute particles, osmosis moves water molecules, and active transport moves solute particles against the concentration gradient.
128
What is the basic building block of all living organisms?
Cell.
129
What is a tissue?
A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.
130
What is an organ?
A structure made up of different tissues working together to carry out a particular job.
131
What is an organism?
A complete living being made up of one or more organ systems or a single cell.
132
What is the function of epidermal tissue in plants?
Forms the outer protective layer of the plant.
133
Where is palisade mesophyll found and what is its function?
Found in the upper part of the leaf; the main site of photosynthesis.
134
What is the role of xylem tissue?
Transport of water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.
135
What does phloem tissue do?
Carries sugars produced during photosynthesis from the leaves to other parts of the plant.
136
What is transpiration?
The process by which water moves through a plant and evaporates from aerial parts.
137
What effect does temperature have on the rate of transpiration?
Increases the rate of transpiration due to higher evaporation.
138
What role do guard cells play?
Control the opening and closing of stomata for gas exchange.
139
What is the word equation for photosynthesis?
Carbon Dioxide + Water --(Light Energy + Chlorophyll)--> Glucose + Oxygen.
140
What is a limiting factor in photosynthesis?
Something that is in short supply and restricts the rate of the process.
141
What is the inverse square law in relation to light intensity?
The intensity of light decreases as the square of the distance from the light source increases.
142
What are six uses of glucose by plants?
* Respiration
* Conversion into starch
* Conversion into sucrose
* Conversion into cellulose
* Conversion into lipids
* Conversion into amino acids and proteins.
143
How do plants use nitrate ions absorbed from the soil?
Combined with glucose to synthesize amino acids for building proteins.
144
What is the main function of the digestive system?
To digest and absorb food.
145
What is the role of the mouth in the digestive system?
Physical and chemical digestion.
146
What tissue produces saliva in the digestive system?
Glandular tissue in the salivary glands.
147
What is the digestive system?
An organ system made up of several organs working together to digest and absorb food.
148
What are the main functions of the mouth in the digestive system?
Physical and chemical digestion.
149
What is the role of salivary glands?
Produce saliva and enzymes like salivary amylase.
150
What is peristalsis?
Waves of muscle contractions that push food through the oesophagus.
151
What are the main functions of the stomach?
Physical and chemical digestion.
152
What does the liver do?
Detoxifies blood and produces bile.
153
Which enzymes does the pancreas produce?
Lipase, protease, amylase.
154
What is the main function of the small intestine?
Digestion and absorption of nutrients into the blood.
155
What is the role of villi in the small intestine?
Increase surface area for absorption of nutrients.
156
What is the primary function of the large intestine?
Absorbs water.
157
What is the function of the rectum?
Storage of waste.
158
What is the role of the anus?
Ejects waste from the body.
159
Define metabolism.
All chemical reactions in the body.
160
What are enzymes?
Biological catalysts that speed up metabolic reactions.
161
What is denaturation in relation to enzymes?
Permanent change in an enzyme's shape, preventing it from working.
162
Where is amylase produced and what does it break down?
Produced in salivary glands and pancreas; breaks down starch into smaller sugars.
163
What is the function of bile?
Neutralizes acidic food from the stomach and emulsifies fats.
164
What is the positive result of the iodine test for carbohydrates?
Turns blue-black.
165
What does Benedict's solution test for, and what is a positive result?
Tests for sugars; turns from blue to green, yellow, or brick-red when positive.
166
What is the positive result of the Biuret test for proteins?
Turns from blue to purple.
167
Describe the method for testing lipids.
Use ethanol and water or Sudan III; forms a cloudy white emulsion or stains red-orange.
168
What is the optimum pH for amylase?
The pH at which starch is broken down fastest.
169
Fill in the blank: The digestive enzymes break down large, insoluble food molecules into small, ________ molecules for absorption into the bloodstream.
soluble
170
What are key skills required for laboratory work?
Using a microscope, calculating size of specimens, plotting graphs, and safe use of laboratory apparatus.
