Cell Biology Flashcards by Jerry Sojan

List the cardinal signs of acute inflammation

Redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Neutrophils secrete (x) (also called y) which is a fever-inducing agent capable of inducing the synthesis of prostaglandins (which can act on the thermoregulatory center of the hypothalamus)

IL-1 (x), pyrogen (y)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(x) serves as the signaling molecule tagged on a vesicle destined for a lysosome

Mannose 6-phosphate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The (x) recognizes lysosomal proteins in the trans golgi network for transport to lysosomes

Mannose 6-phosphate receptor

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What organelles are specialized to compartamentalize and degrade toxic reactive oxygen molecules?

Peroxisomes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

List some functions of peroxisomes

Degrade toxic reactive species, detoxification (e.g. alcohol), fat metabolism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

List some functions of microtubules

Maintain cell shape/movement/cell polarity, intracellular transport, chromosome movement, beating of cilia/flagella

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What structures emanate from almost all cells, develop from the mother centriole of the centrosome, and play a role in right/left symmetry in development?

Primary cilia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the four structural changes in myosin motor processing?

Attachment, Release (ATP binding), Cocked (ATP hydrolysis), Force-generating (power-stroke, ADP release)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Describe the mechanism of neutrophil phagocytosis

PMN recognizes Ag, Ag engulfed by pseudopods, pseudopods fuse, phagosome is formed, primary/secondary granules fuse with phagosome, digested material is exocytosed or stored as residual body

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

SER is abundant in cells that specialize in (x)

Lipid metabolism, detoxification, sequester calcium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(x) are folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane which contain proteins that function in cellular respiration

Cristae

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Dynein microtubules can be found in which locations?

Cytoplasmic, axonemes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

List a cell that uses each of the following protrusion structures: filopodia? lamellopodia? pseudopodia?

Fibroblasts (filopodia), fibroblasts/epithelial cells/some neurons (lamellipodia), neutrophils (pseudopodia)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

List the two primary components of inflammation

Exudative, cellular

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Describe the mechanism to which ribosomes know to direct a protein towards the ER

mRNA possesses an encoded protein region targeted to the ER membrane

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Only mRNA molceules with a/an (x) bind to ER membranes

ER signal sequences

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

T/F: RER and SER comprise one continuous structure

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(w) mediates (x) transport from the golgi to the ER while (y) mediates (z) transport from the ER to the golgi

COP-I (w), retrograde (x), COP-II (y), anterograde (z)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What pathways can golgi vessicles be directed?

Constitutive (basolateral, apical), regulated, lysosomal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the three major types of cytoskeletal components?

Microtubules, intermediate filaments, actin filaments

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Actin filaments are termed (x) structures and have both a fast growing (y) end and slow growing (z) end

Polarized (x), positive (y), negative(z)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the major functions of intermediate filaments?

Stabilize cell structure, resist shearing forces

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Intermediate filaments extend across the cell cytoplasm and connect with (x) and (y)

Desmosomes (x) and hemidesmosomes (y)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the major classes of intermediate filaments?

Keratin, vimentin, neurofilaments, lamins

Microtubules are nucleated at the centrosome with their (x) ends while their (y) ends radiate out towards the cell periphery

Negative (x), positive (y)

Each (x) contains a pair of (y) which are arranged in 9(3)+0 arrangements

Centrosome (x), centrioles (y)

Centrioles are utilized in what cell processes?

Locomotion (cilia, flagella), cytokinesis, development

Microtubules are termed (x) structures and have both a fast growing (y) end and slow growing (z) end

Polarized (x), positive (y), negative(z)

Which part of the actin polymerization complex is in high concentration near the front of lamellopodia?

ARP-minus ends

The (x) family of proteins is an example of cell motility structures which can be induced from extracellular signaling

Rho

List the two general classifications of inflammation

Acute, chronic

List some examples of stressors which may cause inflammation

Burns, chemical irritants, frostbite, toxins, infection, physical injury, immune hypersensitivity, radiation

Mediator molecules stimulate (x) to permit the migration of leukocytes into inflammed tissue

Endothelial cells

The (w) face of the gogli is where molecules (x) where as molecules (y) from the opposite face termed (z)

Cis (w), enter (x), trans (y), exit (z)

Actin molecules added to the positive end of filaments are bound to what molecule?

ATP

Each centriole microtubule triplet consists of one (x) and two (y) microtubules, all of them being (z)

Complete (x), incomplete (y), fused (z)

Kinesins are (x) end-directed motor proteins, while dyneins are (y) end-directed

Positive (x), negative (y)

Cilia and flagella are built from what cytoskeletal components?

Microtubules, dyneins

(x) can be describe as prolonged inflammation which can lead to a variety of diseases

Chronic inflammation

This condition may arise as a consequence of massive neutrophil inflammatory response

Fever

Which molecule(s) may be expressed on endothelial surfaces to signal the need for neutrophil extravasation?

Selectin, integrin receptors

Briefly describe the granules of neutrophils

Primary (azurophilic): lysozymes, Secondary (specific): complement activators, lactoferrin, Tertiary: phosphatases, metalloproteases

What type of pathologies can result from genetic defects in one or more lysosomal hydrolases?

Lysosomal storage diseases

What structures incorporate actin microfilaments and crosslink them to villin?

Microvilli

List an example given in class of a disorder from dysfunctional primary cilia

Polysystic kidney disease

(x) is the process by which neutrophils exit from the blood to tissues via blood vessels

Extravasation

List some examples of pathologies in which inflammation is largely present

Asthma, chronic inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, glomerulonephritis, hypersensitivities

In allergic reactions, (x) degranulate releasing (y) substances to produce an inflammatory response

Mast cells (x), vasoactive (y)

Severe inflammatory responses may mature into a systemic response known as (x)

Anaphylaxis

Which cells are most likely already present in all tissues and can function to initiate the inflammation process?

Resident macrophages, mast cells

(x) mediate bidirectional traffic between the ER and golgi

Coat protein complexes

List some examples of cell inclusions

Glycogen, lipid, pigments

(x) generally is seen in non-dividing cells as a brown-gold pigment which accumulates in cells over years

Lipofuscin

(x) is an brown-pigmented iron-storage complex found in the cytoplasm likely formed by indigestible residues of hemoglobin

Hemosiderrin

List some proteins that are present on the outer mitochondrial membrane

Porins, phospholipase, acetyl-CoA synthase

List some proteins that are present in the intermembranous space in mitochondria

Creatine kinase, adenylate kinase, cytochrome c

What major functions does the inner mitochondrial membrane play?

Oxidation reactions, synthesize ATP, regulate metabolite transport into mitochondrial matrix

What are some characteristics of mitochondrial DNA?

Double stranded, circular, maternally derived, encodes 13 enzymes/2 rRNA/22 tRNA

Actin filaments are made of what structures?

G-actin, F-actin

T/F: Intermediate filaments can be found in prokaryotes

False

What term can be associated with a 'vimentin' intermediate filament?

Mesoderm

What term can be associated with a 'lamin' intermediate filament?

Nucleus

T/F: Intermediate filaments, like actin, are polar in nature

False

Which cellular structure act as microtuble organizing centers?

Centrosome

Microtubules are made from (x) protein subunits, each of which has a (y)

Tubulin (x), alpha-beta dimer (y)

Microtubules act as tracks that (x) can move along within the cell

Motor proteins

Which proteins bind to microtubules in cilia allowing locomotion/bending?

Dyenin

What receptors are derived from primary cilia?

Photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors

What molecules allow locomotion within the cytoskeleton?

Actin-based (myosin), microtubule-based (kinesin, dynein)

Which terminal of the protein is located at the head of a myosin molecule?

N-terminal

What are the basic steps in cell motility?

Protrusion, attachment, contraction

T/F: Different cell types generate different types of protrusion structures based on organization of actin

True

List the different protrusion structures involved in cell motility and denote their general structure

Filipodia (1-dimensional), lamellipodia (2-dimensional), pseudopodia (3-dimensional)

Actin filaments polymerize with their positive ends facing (x)

Forward

Actin minus ends frequently attach to each other via (x)

Actin-related proteins (ARP)

List the different Rho family monomeric GTPases involved with cell motility and their general functions

Rho: stress fiber formation, Rac:actin proliferation \> lamellipodia, Cdc42: actin proliferation \> filopodia/microspikes

The exact movement of neutrophils across the epithelium is termed what?

Transmigration

(x) can be described as a complex, adaptive and biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli

Inflammation

T/F: The absense of inflammation would compromise the survival of an organism

True

(x) can be described as the body's initial response to harmful stimuli

Acute inflammation

The movement of plasma fluid into inflammed tissue due to vascular changes is termed the (x) component of inflammation

Exudative

The movement of leukocytes from the blood into inflammed tissue and their subsequent release of chemical mediators is termed the (x) component of inflammation

Cellular

(x) migrate along a (y) gradient created by local cells to reach the site of injury

Neutrophils (x), chemotactic (y)

T/F: PMNs never die as a result of phagocytosis

False

The (x) plays a large role in lipid and protein biosynthesis

At certain sites, the (x) is continuous with the outer nuclear envelope membrane

ER membrane

(x) are made in the nucleolus and function to synthesize proteins

Ribosomes

Where can ribosomes be found?

Membrane-bound (ER), free floating in cytosol

(x) is the term used to describe the event when numerous ribosomes bind to a single mRNA

Polyribosome

(x) are regions of ER which lack ribosomes

SER

The (x) plays a large role in the post-translational modification of cellular products

Golgi apparatus

Each gogli stack has (x)

Two faces

Golgi apparatus are especially well developed in which cells?

Plasma cells, pancreatic acinar cells

T/F: Molecules undergo disordered modifications on their way through the golgi

False

What is an example of a molecule that is processed in the golgi?

Oligosaccharides

What is an example of a molecule that is assembled in the golgi?

Proteoglycans

This organelle functions to control intracellular digestion of macromolecules

Lysosomes

T/F: The interior of a lysosome is basic in nature

False

What pathways exist for lysosomal degredation?

Phagocytosis, endocytosis, autophagy

The primary function of mitochondria is to do what?

Convert potential chemical energy into ATP

T/F: Mitochondria have two lipid bilayers

True

The (x) is responsible for maintaining cell shape, support and movement

Cytoskeleton

T/F: Actin filaments are required for cell contraction and motility

True

What term can be associated with a 'keratin' intermediate filament?

Epithelium

Neurofilaments extend from the neuron (x) into where?

Cell body (x), axons/dendrites

T/F: Microtubules are can be both highly dynamic or stable molecules

True

What is the microtubule arrangement of cilia?

9(2) + 2 (apical), 9(3) + 0 (basal body)

Which molecule generates the force for skeletal muscle contraction, with each head binding and hydrolyzing ATP?

Myosin II

Of the microtubules, which motor proteins have been deemed the fastest?

Dynein

The movement of leukocytes within the tissue is most often a result of what process?

Chemotaxis

Cell Biology Flashcards

(111 cards)