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Cell Biology Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 3 types of transport in/out of cells

A

Diffusion
Osmosis
Active transport

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2
Q

What type of cells are animal and plant cells

A

Eukaryotic

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3
Q

What type of cells are bacteria cells

A

Prokaryotes

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4
Q

Which cell is smaller eukaryotic or prokaryotic

A

Prokaryotes

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5
Q

What is characteristic about prokaryotic cells

A

They do not have a nucleus they have DNA in a single loop

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6
Q

Put these in order of size starting with the largest; micro, nano, centi, milli

A

Centi, milli, micro, nano

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7
Q

Where is the genetic material found in a eukaryotic cell

A

The nucleus

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8
Q

Where is the genetic information found in a prokaryotic cell

A

The DNA is in a loop in the cell

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9
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm

A

Chemical processes take place here controlled by enzymes

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10
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane

A

Controls the movement of substances in and out of a cell

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11
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria

A

Where respiration occurs releasing energy

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12
Q

What is the function of ribosomes

A

Where proteins are made

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13
Q

What is the function of a cell wall

A

Gives the cell strength

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14
Q

What is the cell wall made of

A

Cellulose (not in bacteria)

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15
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts

A

Containing chlorophyll that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis

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16
Q

What is the function of a permanent vacuole

A

Contains cell sap to keep it turgid (swollen from water uptake)

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17
Q

What is a plasmid when talking about bacteria

A

A small ring of DNA often used as a vector in genetic modification

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18
Q

What does it mean by cell specialisation

A

The structure of a cell that helps them carry out a specific function

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19
Q

How does the mitochondria in a sperm cell relate to specialisation

A

Mitochondria is needed to release energy for movement

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20
Q

Why has a sperm cell got a long tail

A

To help it swim to the egg to fertilise it

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21
Q

Why does the head of a sperm cell contain an enzyme

A

To digest the cell membrane of the egg

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22
Q

What enzyme is found in the head of a sperm cell

A

Acrosome

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23
Q

Why is a nerve cell long

A

So it can carry signals across long distances

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24
Q

How does the nerve cell create a network around the body

A

They have branched connections joining the nerve cells together

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25
What are the finger like things called on the end of nerve cells around the nucleus
Dendrite
26
What helps a nerve cell enhance transmissions of electrical signals
Insulated sheath
27
Why are muscle cells long
So there is enough space to contract
28
How does a muscle cell release energy
It has a lot of mitochondria which releases energy by respiration
29
What is the function of a root hair cell
To absorb water and minerals from the soil
30
How is a root hair cell specialised
It has hair like projections to increase surface area
31
What do root hair cells not contain that a plant cell does and why
They don’t contain chloroplasts because they are underground
32
What is the function of xylem
Carry water and minerals in plants
33
Why is xylem made up of dead tissue
To create a hollow tube
34
In xylem what is the function of lignin
Toughens up long cell walls
35
How and in which direction does the the minerals and water flow
Upwards from the roots to the leaves | By active transport
36
What is the function of phloem
Carry glucose around the plant
37
What are phloem tubes made out of
Living tissue
38
What do the cells in phloem contain
End plates with holes in them
39
What process moves the glucose in terms of phloem
Translocation
40
Where does the glucose solution move from and to by being carried by phloem
From the leaves to growth and storage tissue
41
What does it mean by undifferentiated
The cell can turn into any cell
42
What is the difference in differentiation in animal and plant cells
Most animal cells differentiate in the early stage of development Most plant cells can differentiate throughout their life cycle
43
What is the max magnification of a light microscope
1500
44
What is the max magnification of an electron microscope
2,000,000
45
What is the resolution of a light microscope
200nm
46
What is the resolution of an electron microscope
0.2nm
47
What can light microscopes help us see
Structures such as the mitochondria
48
What does the electron microscope help us see
Internal structures of organelles such as chloroplast and the mitochondria
49
How do you find the magnification
Size of image / real size
50
How would you draw what you see in a microscope
Clear line drawing, no shading Label main cell structures Add title and magnification
51
How to bacteria multiply
Binary fission
52
What is the average rate of binary fission
20 minuets
53
What is agar used for
Containing energy source and minerals
54
What must happen to the petridish and agar before bacteria is added
Must be sterilised to kill microorganisms
55
What Funtime does an inoculating loop have
Transferring bacteria after being heated by a Bunsen burner
56
Why must the Petri dish be sealed
So other microorganisms can get in
57
Why can the Petri dish be sealed completely
Oxygen must be able to get in for aerobic respiration
58
What is the zone of inhibition
An area where bacteria doesn’t grow
59
How many pairs of chromosome are there in a human gene
23
60
Where are chromosomes found
In the nucleus
61
What are chromosomes made of
Coiled strands of DNA
62
What is a gene
A section of DNA that codes for a specific protein or characteristic
63
How do cells multiply
Mitosis
64
What are the 3 stages of cell division
Growth DNA synthesis Mitosis
65
What happens in growth in cell division
Copies are made of the organelles such as ribosomes
66
What happens in DNA synthesis in cell division
The DNA copies, 2 copies of each chromosomes
67
What happens in the stage mitosis in cell division
1 set of chromosomes is pulled to either side of the cell | The cytoplasm and call membrane dip and divid into two identical parent cells
68
What does it mean by stem cells
Cells that are undifferentiated
69
What are the 2 types of stem cells found in humans
Embryonic | Bone marrow
70
What are the disadvantages of embryo stem cells
Ethics
71
What is an advantage of embryo stem cells
They can turn into any cell
72
What is a disadvantage of adult stem cells
They can’t turn into any cell
73
What is an advantage of adult stem cells
The host mustn’t be killed
74
What is meristems
Undifferentiated plant stem cells grouped together
75
What is diffusion
The movement of gas down a concentration gradient
76
How does oxygen move around the body and from and to where
Diffusion | From alveolar air space to blood circulating around the lungs
77
How does digested food travel and from and to where
Diffusion | From the small intestine to the blood in capillary of villus
78
How does urea travel and from and to where
Diffusion | From cells to blood plasma
79
What 3 factors affect the rate of diffusion
The concentration gradient The temperature The surface area of the membrane
80
Why does the small intestine contain villi
To increase the surface area
81
What advantage is there that the membrane on the villi are thin
Short diffusion distance
82
Why do the lungs have alveoli
Increased surface area
83
Why is there a short diffusion distance for the lungs
The membrane of the alveoli are very thin
84
How is the surface area increased in gills
The gill filaments
85
What are the gill filaments covered in and why
Lamella | Increase surface area
86
What does the lamella have
A good blood supply
87
Why is a good blood supply important when talking about gills in fish
Maintains the concentration gradient as water flows in the opposite direction
88
Why are the lamellae membranes very thin
Short diffusion distance
89
How do the leaves absorb more light
Increased surface area
90
There is a thin membrane in leave cells which means
There is a short distance for the carbon dioxide to diffuse across
91
What is on the lower side of the leaf that allows gases to diffuse into and out of the leaf
Stomata
92
What is osmosis
The diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution thought a partially permeable membrane
93
What 2 factors effect the rate of osmosis
The concentration gradient | Temperature
94
What is hypertonic
More concentrated solution than in the cells
95
What is isotonic
Same concentration as the solution in the cell
96
What is hypotonic
More dilute than the solution in the cells
97
What is active transport
Substances from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution against the concentration gradient
98
How it energy proved for active transport
Respiration
99
What is a partially permeable membrane
A membrane that lets some things through it
100
What are the 5 stages of animal growth
``` Egg and sperm Fertilisation Zygote Embryo Foetus ```
101
What is an egg and sperm also known as
Gamets
102
What are the 3 main stages in cell dividing
Growth Copy Split

Biology (9 decks)

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