Cell Biology - Cell Structure And Cell Division

Question 1

what are eukaryotic cells

Answer 1

animal and plant

Question 2

what is the cytoplasm

Answer 2

gel like substance where most chemical reactions happen. contains enzyme to control reactions

Question 3

what is the cell wall made of

Answer 3

cellulose

Question 4

what does the permanent vacuole contain

Answer 4

cell sap which is a weak solution of sugar and salt

Question 5

what are chloroplasts

Answer 5

contains chlorophyll which absorbers light needed for photosynthesis

Question 6

what are rings of DNA in bacteria cells called

Answer 6

plasmids

Question 7

give example of what light microscope allows to see

Answer 7

individual cells and large sub cell structures such as the nucleus

Question 8

give an an example of what an electron microscope allows us to see

Answer 8

internal structure of mitocndria, ribosones, plasmids

Question 9

equation for magnification

Answer 9

image size/real size

Question 10

order millimetre, nanometre and micrometre in descending order

Answer 10

millimetre, micrometre, nanometre

Question 11

how do you convert micrometre to nanometre

Answer 11

x 1000

Question 12

what is differentiation

Answer 12

the process that a cell changes to become specialised

Question 13

what are the cells that differentiate in mature mammals usually used for

Answer 13

repair and replacement

Question 14

how is a sperm cells specialized

Answer 14

long tail and streamline head to hep it swim

lots of mitochondria to provide energy to swim

enzymes in head to digest through cell membrane

Question 15

how is a nerve cell adapted for its function

Answer 15

long

branched connections

Question 16

how are muscle cells adapted for their function

Answer 16

long so they have space to contact

lots of mitochondria to provide energy for contraction

Question 17

how are root hair cells adapted for their function

Answer 17

hairs that stick out into the soil that give large surface area

Question 18

how many pairs of chromosomes do humans have

Answer 18

23

Question 19

what are chromosomes made up of

Answer 19

long lengths of DNA which is coiled up

Question 20

what are genes

Answer 20

short sections of DNA

Question 21

what is mitosis

Answer 21

when a cells reproduces itself by splitting to produce 2 identical offspring

Question 22

what’s the point in mitosis

Answer 22

growth, development and replacing cells

Question 23

explain the growth and replication stage of mitosis

Answer 23

cell grows and increases amount if subcellular structures

duplicates DNA to form x shaped chromosomes. each arm is a duplicate of the other

Question 24

what happens during mitosis

Answer 24

chromosomes line up in centre of cell and the cell fibres pull them apart

membranes form around each sets of the chromosomes

cytoplasm and cell membrane splits

identical daughter cells are produced

Question 25

explain the process of binary fission

Answer 25

strands of dna and plasmids replicate the stands of dna move to oppersite ends of the cell and the cytoplasm begins to divide and form a new cell wall two daughter cells are formed w one copy of the dna stand and a random amount of plasmids

Question 26

a bacteria cell has a mean division time of 30 minuets. How many cells will it produce in 150 mins

Answer 26

150/30 = 5 divisions | 2 to the power of 5 = 32 cells

Question 27

what are stem cells

Answer 27

undifferentiated cells that can replicate or differentiate

Question 28

where are stem cells found in adults

Answer 28

bone marrow bu these cannoot turn into any type of cell only certain ones such as red blood cells

Question 29

how can stem cells be used to treat diabetes

Answer 29

turned into insulin producing cells

Question 30

what is therapeutic cloning

Answer 30

embryo could be made to have the same genetic material as the patient so wouldn't be rejected

Question 31

what are the risks of using stem cells in medicine

Answer 31

may be contaminated with a virus when grown in a lab | embryos are used which could be a potential human lfe

Question 32

what is an argument against not using stem cells from embryos

Answer 32

they are usually unwanted ones that wouldn't have been used anyway.

Question 33

where are stem cells found in plants

Answer 33

meristems which is the part of the plant where growth occurs

Question 34

plant stem cells can be used for producing clones of plants quickly and cheaply which is used for:

Answer 34

growing crops that have a desired feature | growing more plants of a rare species so they dont get wiped out