Cell Biology Chapter 10 - Cellular Metabolism and Energy Storage

Question 1

Energy Exists In Three Forms

Answer 1

Kinetic Energy

Potential Energy

Heat Energy

Question 2

1st Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 2

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed

Question 3

2nd Lab of Thermodynamics

Answer 3

Energy systems have a tendency to increase their entropy

Question 4

Long-term Energy Storage In Cells

Answer 4

Fats And Polysaccharides

Are polymers composed of small, repeating structures
Highly organized and spontaneously form hydrophobic lipid droplets
Have less entropy (are more ordered) than poly/oligosaccharides, therefore they carry more useful energy

Question 5

Of Short-term Potential Energy

Answer 5

High-energy Electrons And Ion Gradients

Question 6

Ion Gradients

Answer 6

Created by a concentration imbalance across a membrane

[Na2+]out is 148 mM versus [Na2+]in is 10 mM

[K+]out is 5 mM versus [K+]in is 148 mM

Chloroplasts and Mitochondria use a proton gradient

Question 7

Cells Couple Energetically Favorable and Unfavorable Reactions to Facilitate Unfavorable Reactions

Answer 7

Baws!

Question 8

Electrical Potential

Answer 8

The Amount of a Potential Energy Stored in an Ion Gradient Can be Expressed as an Electrical Potential

Electrical Potential is expressed in volts

Difference in electrical potential between two points is called voltage

Electrochemical potential exists when BOTH an electrical imbalance AND a chemical imbalance exists

Question 9

Membrane transport proteins

Answer 9

are responsible for moving ions through the phosopholipid bilayer of cellular membranes.

Organized into three groups: channels, carriers, and pumps.

Question 10

Protein channels

Answer 10

dissipate gradients

Have pores

Have a selectivity filter

Alpha helices in transmembrane segments

Question 11

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 11

through a channel and down a concentration gradient

Open and close (gated)
Regulated
Sensitive to post-translational modification

Question 12

opposite of Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 12

Simple Diffusion – passage of molecules through the plasma membrane unassisted

Question 13

Ligand-gated

Answer 13

Logands attach —-> gates open

Question 14

Voltage-gated

Answer 14

threshhold reaches -60 -70

Question 15

Voltage gated shapes

Answer 15

1. sliding helix
2. Paddles
3. Transporter like

Question 16

Stretch-gated or Stretch-activated

Answer 16

Found in nerve cells that are sensitive to physical deformation of their plasma membranes

Touch
Hair cells in inner ear
Some pain receptors

Question 17

Passive Carrier Proteins Dissipate Gradients

Answer 17

• dont form pores

Question 18

conformation change in a carrier protein

Answer 18

• Attaches to channel by active site

- Channel changes shape. Open end becomes closed end and vice versa. attached content is spewed in.

Question 19

Uniport

Answer 19

refers to the transport of a single ligand by a carrier in either direction

Question 20

Symport

Answer 20

simultaneous transport of two ligands by a single carrier in the SAME direction

Question 21

Antiport

Answer 21

simultaneous transport of two ligands by a single carrier in the OPPOSITE direction across a membrane. eg Na+ & H+

Question 22

Energy-coupled Carrier Proteins (Pumps) Build Gradients

Answer 22

Direct active transport &

Indirect active transport (One gradient supplies the energy to build another)

Question 23

Chloroplast

Answer 23

Convert sunlight into the first form of Cellular energy

Question 24

Light reactions (energy transduction reaction)

Answer 24

Take place in the thylakoid in the presence of light

Question 25

Chloroplasts Have Three Membrane-bound Compartments. name them

Answer 25

Inner membrane Outer membrane Thylakoid Thylakoid lumen

Question 26

Dark reactions

Answer 26

carbon assimilation reactions | Occur in the stroma

Question 27

How is Light Converted to Chemical Energy?

Answer 27

Light is a wave (380-750 nm) ------> Light is a stream of particles called photons Each photon carries a packet of energy called a quantum ------> When pigments absorb light, energy from the photon is transferred to an electron (photoexcitation)

Question 28

conformation change in a carrier protein

Answer 28

- Attaches to channel by active site | - Channel changes shape. Open end becomes closed end and vice versa. attached content is spewed in.

Question 29

uniport

Answer 29

refers to the transport of a single ligand by a carrier in either direction

Question 30

Symport

Answer 30

simultaneous transport of two ligands by a single carrier in the SAME direction

Question 31

Antiport

Answer 31

simultaneous transport of two ligands by a single carrier in the OPPOSITE direction across a membrane. eg Na+ & H+

Question 32

Energy-coupled Carrier Proteins (Pumps) Build Gradients

Answer 32

Direct active transport & Indirect active transport

Question 33

Chloroplast

Answer 33

Convert sunlight into the first form of Cellular energy

Question 34

Light reactions

Answer 34

Take place in the thylakoid in the presence of light

Question 35

Chloroplasts Have Three Membrane-bound Compartments. name them

Answer 35

Inner membrane Outer membrane Thylakoid Thylakoid lumen

Question 36

Dark reactions

Answer 36

carbon assimilation reactions | Occur in the stroma

Question 37

Dark reactions

Answer 37

carbon assimilation reactions | Occur in the stroma

Question 38

How is Light Converted to Chemical Energy?

Answer 38

Light is a wave (380-750 nm) ------> Light is a stream of particles called photons Each photon carries a packet of energy called a quantum ------> When pigments absorb light, energy from the photon is transferred to an electron (photoexcitation)

Question 39

The Energy Transduction (Light) Reactions Convert

Answer 39

Sunlight Into Stored Potential Energy

Question 40

The Na2+/K+ ATPase Maintains the “Resting Potential” across the Plasma Membrane

Answer 40

Generates an imbalance of charge and concentration across the plasma membrane For humans, the resting potential is about -60 to -70 mV

Question 41

active transport

Answer 41

Sodium and Potassium ion gradients are maintained by this ATP-driven pump

Question 42

Macromolecule Transport

Answer 42

Leaky K+ channel, Na+/glucose symporter, and passive glucose carrier work together to move glucose from gut lumen to bloodstream

Question 43

Inner compartment of the Chloroplast is called _____

Answer 43

Thylakoid

Question 44

The inner compartment of the thylakoid is called ______

Answer 44

The thylakoid lumen

Question 45

Glycolysis Is Subdivided Into 3 Stages & the total energy extracted is _________

Answer 45

total energy extracted is 2 ATP and 2 NADH

Question 46

Photosystem II

Answer 46

uses sunlight to remove two electrons from water.

Question 47

Photosystem I

Answer 47

NADP+ is turned into NADPH in the stroma

Question 48

Macromolecule Transport

Answer 48

Glucose pitches a ride with Na+ across its concentration gradient.

Question 49

Glycolysis

Answer 49

The 10 chemical reactions in glycolysis convert glucose molecule into two three-carbon compounds (pyruvate), two NADH molecules, and two ATP molecules

Question 50

Glycolysis Is Subdivided Into 3 Stages.

Answer 50

Stage 1 product = 2 G3Ps and 2 ADPs

Question 51

Glycolysis

Answer 51

``` Glucose | / \ / \ 2G3P 2ADP | / / 2NADH + (1 each from a single G3P) 2ATP | | 2ATP | | Pyruvate ```

Question 52

Pyruvate

Answer 52

two three-carbon compounds

Question 53

In The Absence Of Molecular Oxygen, Pyruvate Undergoes_______

Answer 53

Fermentation. (anaerobic metabolism)

Question 54

in aerobic condition Pyruvate is converted to

Answer 54

acetyl-CoA

Question 55

in anaerobic condition Pyruvate is converted to __________ or _________ during _________

Answer 55

Lactate, ethanol, fermentation. 2 ATP is the net yield LDH ------> lactate PDH ------> ADH -------> Ethanol

Question 56

LPA ------->

Answer 56

LDH ------> lactate LDH --------> PDH ------> ADH

Question 57

Aerobic Respiration Results in Complete Oxidation of Glucose

Answer 57

True