Cell Biology P1

Question 1

What is a Eukaryotic cell

Answer 1

Eukaryotic cells contain their genetic information (DNA) enclosed in a nucleus

Question 2

What is a Prokaryotic cell

Answer 2

Prokaryotic cell contain their genetic information not enclosed in a nucleus

Question 3

Similarities and differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cell

Answer 3

Similarities
Contain cell membrane, cytoplasm and DNA.

Differences
Prokaryotic cell are much small and simpler than eukaryotic cell.
Eukaryotes cells contain a nucleus.
Eukaryotes are complex.
Eukaryotes have their DNA enclosed in a nucleus whereas a prokaryotes has their in a single DNA loop in the cytoplasm

Question 4

Example of prokaryotic cell

Answer 4

Bacteria

Question 5

Example of Eukaryotic cell

Answer 5

Plant and animal cell

Question 6

Size of Cell

Mega Kilo Deci Centi Micro Milli

Answer 6

Mega: 1000000 times bigger
Kilo: 1000 times bigger
Deci: 10 times smaller
Centi: 100 times smaller
Milli: 1000 times smaller
Micro: 1000000 times smaller

Question 7

Kg to g and G to kg

Answer 7

Kg to g: times by 1000
G to kg: divide by 1000

Question 8

Kj to j and J to Kj

Answer 8

Kj to j: times by 1000
J to Kj: divide by 1000

Question 9

M to mm
Mm to m

Answer 9

M to mm: times by 1000
Mm to m: divide by 1000

Question 10

Mm to hm
Hm to mm

Answer 10

Mm to hm: times by 1000
Hm to mm: divide by 1000

Question 11

Function of the cell wall

Answer 11

Strengths and support the cell

Question 12

Function of ribosomes

Answer 12

Synthesises protein

Question 13

Cell membrane

Answer 13

Controls what can enter and leave the cell

Question 14

Cytoplasm

Answer 14

Where most chemical reaction happens

Question 15

Chloroplast

Answer 15

Where photosynthesis happens. Photosynthesis make food for the plant

Question 16

Permanent vacuole

Answer 16

Contains cell sap

Question 17

Mitochondria

Answer 17

where aerobic respiration happens. Transfers energy that the cell needs to work on

Question 18

Nucleus

Answer 18

Contains genetic information and controls what the cell does

Question 19

What do bacteria cells have

Answer 19

Cell wall
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
A single ring of DNA
Plasmids - small ring of extra DNA

Question 20

Formula for magnification

Answer 20

Magnification = image size/ real size

Question 21

Preparing a slide

Answer 21

1) Add a drop of water to the middle of a clean slide
2) cut a onion and peel of a layer
3) using tweezers peel of a epidural tissue (clear skin) and place it in the drop of water
4) add iodine solution. Iodine stains. Stains make a cell easier to see
5) place a cover slip on top and don’t get any air bubbles.

Question 22

Microscopes

Answer 22

Light microscopes use light and lenses to create a magnified image of a specimen. Their development enabled scientists to view individual cells and their larger subcellular structures such as nuclei. Light microscopes have been further developed, with improved magnification and resolution, but typically have a maximum magnification of only
×1500 resolutions of up to 0.2 μm. This means that the amount of detail that can be seen via a light microscope is limited.

Question 23

Electron microscopes

Answer 23

Electron microscopes have much greater magnification and resolving power because they use electron beams instead of light which have a much smaller wavelength. The development of the electron microscope allowed scientists to see cells in much more detail including the internal structures of mitochondria, chloroplasts and nuclei, and tiny structures like ribosomes and plasmids.

Question 24

Definition of resolution

Answer 24

Resolution is the ability to distinguish between two or more objects that are close together.

Question 25

Definition of magnification

Answer 25

Magnification is how many times larger an image seen through a microscope is in comparison to the real object.

Question 26

Actual size

Answer 26

Actual size = image size/magnification

Question 27

Image size

Answer 27

Magnification times real size

Question 28

What is differentiation

Answer 28

differentiation is the process where cells change to become specialised. As cells change they develop different structures. They turn into different type of cells. This allows them to carry out specific functions

Question 29

When do animal cell differentiate

Answer 29

Animal cells differentiate in their early stage

Question 30

When do plant cell differentiate

Answer 30

Plant cells differentiate through their whole life

Question 31

Sperm cell

Answer 31

The sperm cell has a tail to swim to the egg. They contain genetic information in a nucleus and have lots of mitochondria which gives them energy.

Question 32

Name 3 specialised plant cell

Answer 32

Root hair cell, xylem cell and phloem cell

Question 33

Describe how a root hair cell is specialised to carry out its function

Answer 33

root hair cells grow into long hairs that stick out into the soil. This increases the surface area for absorbing water and dissolved minerals.

Question 34

Function of root hair cell

Answer 34

Absorb water and minerals

Question 35

Feature of root hair cells

Answer 35

The root hair increases surface area of the root
Root hair cells don’t contain chloroplast as they are underground

Question 36

Function of xylem cell and where are they found

Answer 36

Found in the plant stem and form long tubes. These tubes carry water and dissolved minerals from the root to the leaves

Question 37

Features and adaptation of xylem cell

Answer 37

They have thick walls contains lignin which provides support to the plant. xylem cell contain no nucleus, cytoplasm, vacuole or chloroplast. No structure which makes it easier to do their functions

Question 38

Function of phloem cells

Answer 38

Carry sugar up and down the plant.

Question 39

Features and adaptation of phloem cells

Answer 39

They have have no nucleus and limited cytoplasm. The end walls of a vessel cells have pores called the sieve plates. Each phloem vessel cell has companion cells contacted by pores and they contain mitochondria which provides energy for the cell

Question 40

Name 3 specialised animal cells

Answer 40

Sperm cell, nerve cell and muscle cell

Question 41

Function of sperm cell

Answer 41

To take the male DNA to the egg

Question 42

Adaption and features of a sperm cell

Answer 42

Sperm cells have a long tail to help them swim and are packed with mitochondria which provide energy for swimming. The ovum and egg combined this is called fertilisation . Sperm cells only carry Half of the DNA. Sperm cells also contain enzymes which allows them digest their way through the outer layer of the ovum

Question 43

Function of Nerve cells

Answer 43

Send electrical impulses around the body

Question 44

Adaptation and features of a nerve cell

Answer 44

axons: carries electric impulses from one part of the body to another
Myelin: myelin insulates the axon and speed up the transmission of nerve impulses
Synapses: the end of axons has synapses. Synapses allow the impulses to pass from one nerve cell to another
Dendrites: increase surface area so that other nerve cell can connect more easily

Question 45

Function of muscle cell

Answer 45

To contact ( gets shorter )

Question 46

Adaptation and functions of muscle cells

Answer 46

Contains mitochondria which provides energy to contract.
They also contain protein fibres which can change their length when muscle cells contracts theses protein fibres shorten decreasing the length of the cell.
Muscles work together to form muscle tissue.