(Cell) Cell Components Flashcards by Lucky Cat

Structure of nucleus (2)

Surrounded by nuclear envelope (double membrane) perforated by nuclear pores
Nuclear envelope continuous with endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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Function of nucleus (3)

Houses chromosomes
Contains nucleoli
Pores regulate entry and exit of materials

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What are chromosomes made out of?

Chromatin

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What is chromatin comprised of? (3)

DNA, the genetic material and proteins

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What is made in the nucleoli?

Ribosomal subunits

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Structure of ribosome (2)

Two subunits made of ribosomal RNA and proteins

Can be free in cytosol or bound to ER

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Function of ribosomes

Protein synthesis

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Structure of endoplasmic reticulum(ER) (3)

Extensive network of membrane-bounded tubules and sacs
Membrane separates lumen from cytosol
Continuous with the nuclear envelope

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Function of the smooth ER (4)

Synthesis of lipids
Metabolism of carbohydrates
Ca2+ storage
Detoxification of drugs and poisons

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Function of the rough ER (3)

Aids in synthesis of secretory and other proteins from bound ribosomes
Adds carbohydrates to glycoproteins
Produces new membrane

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Structure of golgi apparatus (2)

Stacks of flattened membranous sacs
Has polarity (cis and trans faces)

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Function of golgi apparatus (3)

Modification of proteins, carbohydrates on proteins, and phospholipids
Synthesis of many polysaccharides
Sorting of Golgi products, which are then released in vesicles

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Structure of lysosome

Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes

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What cells of lysosomes present in?

Animal cells

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Function of lysosome

Breakdown of ingested substances, cell macromolecules, and damaged organelles for recycling

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Structure of vacuole

Large membrane-bounded vesicle

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Function of vacuole (6)

Digestion
Storage
Waste disposal
Water balance
Cell growth
Protection

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Structure of mitochondrion (2)

Bounded by double membrane

Inner membrane has infoldings

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What are the infoldings of the inner membrane in the mitochondrion known as?

Cristae

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Function of mitochondrion

Cellular respiration

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Structure of chloroplast

Typically two membranes around fluid stroma, which contains membranous thylakoids stacked into grana

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What cells have chloroplasts?

Plant cells

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Function of chloroplast

Photosynthesis

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Structure of peroxisome

Specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane

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Function of peroxisome

Contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen to water, producing hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) as a by-product, which is converted to water by other enzymes in the peroxisome

What is the "information central" of the cell?

Nucleus

What is the "protein factories" of the cell?

Ribosomes

What is the "biosynthetic factory" of the cell?

Endoplasmic Reticulum

What is the "shipping and receiving center" of the cell?

Golgi apparatus

What is the "digestive compartments" of animal cells?

Lysosomes

What is the "diverse maintenance compartments" of cells?

Vacuoles

What is the "chemical energy conversion" organelle of cells?

Mitochondria

What is the "capture of light energy" organelle of plant cells?

Chloroplasts

What is the "oxidation" organelle of cells?

Peroxisomes

What is the netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope?

Nuclear lamina

What does rRNA stand for?

Ribosomal RNA

What does mRNA stand for?

Messenger RNA

What is rRNA synthesized?

Nucleolus

What is the difference between free and bound ribosomes?

Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosol | Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope

What are the two main organelles of the the cell's genetic instructions?

Nucleus and ribosomes

What is the endomembrane system responsible for? (3)

Synthesis of proteins and their transport into membranes and organelles or out of the cell Metabolism and movement of lipids Detoxification of poisons

What are glycoproteins?

Proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them

What is the cytoskeleton?

A network of fibres extending throughout the cytoplasm

What are three properties of the cytoskeleton?

Microtubules (Tubulin Polymers) Microfilaments (Actin Filaments) Intermediate Filaments

Structure and Diameter of Microtubules

Hollow tubes; wall consists of 13 columns of tubulin molecules 25 nm with 15-nm lumen

Structure and Diameter of Microfilaments

Two intertwined strands of actin, each a polymer of actin subunits 7 nm

Structure and Diameter of Intermediate Filaments

Fibrous proteins supercoiled into thicker cables | 8-12 nm

Protein subunits of Microtubules

Tubulin, a dimer consisting of alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin

Protein subunits of Microfilaments

Actin

Protein subunits of Intermediate Filaments

One of several different proteins of the keratin family, depending on cell type

Main functions of Microtubules (4)

Maintenance of cell shape (compression-resisting "girders") Cell motility (as in cilia or flagella) Chromosome movements in cell division Organelle movements

Main functions of Microfilaments (6)

Maintenance of cell shape (tension-bearing elements) Changes in cell shape Muscle contraction Cytoplasmic streaming Cell motility (as in pseudopodia) Cell division (cleavage furrow formation)

Main function of Intermediate Filaments (3)

Maintenance of cell shape (tension-bearing elements) Anchorage of nucleus and certain other organelles Formation of nuclear lamina

Where do microtubules grow out of?

Centrosome

What is the centrosome?

A region that is often located near the nucleus and is considered a "microtubule-organizing center"

What is within the centrosome?

A pair of centrioles

What are centrioles composed of?

Nine sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring

What is singular version of flagella and cilia?

Flagellum and Cilium

Flagella vs. Cilia motion

Flagella has an undulating motion that generates force in the same direction as the flagella's axis Cilia work more like oars, with alternating power and recovery strokes generating force in a direction perpendicular to the cilia's axis

What is the outer cytoplasmic layer of a cell called?

Cortex

What protein is responsible for the bending movements of the organelle?

Dyneins

What are the thicker filaments interdigitated with the actin filaments made of?

A protein: Myosin

Localized contraction brought about by actin and myosin also plays a role in what?

Amoeboid movement

An amoeba mauve's by extending and flowing in cellular extensions called:

Pseudopodia

What extracellular structure distinguishes an animal cell from a plant cell?

Plant cells have cell walls

Young plant cell first secretes a relatively thin and flexible wall called:

Primary wall

What is between the primary walls of adjacent cells?

Middle lamella

What is the middle lamella?

A thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides

What are the sticky polysaccharides in the middle lamella known as?

Pectins

Some cells add what between the plasma membrane and primary wall?

Secondary cell wall

What elaborate structure do animal cells have?

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

What is the main ingredients of the ECM?

Glycoproteins

What is the most abundant glycoprotein in the ECM in most animal cells?

Collagen

What are collagen fibers are embedded in?

A network woven from proteoglycans

Some cells are attached to the ECM by still other ECM glycoproteins, such as:

Fibronectin

Fibronectin and other ECM proteins bind to cell surface receptor proteins called:

Integrins

Cell walls are perforated with channels called what?

Plasmodesmata

What are the three main types of intercellular junctions in animal cells?

Tight junctions Desmosomes Gap junctions

Describe a tight junction and give an example

The plasma membranes of neighbouring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, bound together by specific proteins Forms continuous seals around the cells, prevent leakage of extracellular fluid across a layer of epithelial cells E.x. Tight junctions between skin cells

Describe a desmosome and give an example

Function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets Intermediate filaments made of sturdy keratin proteins anchor desmosomes in the cytoplasm E.x. Attach muscle cells to each other in a muscle

What is a desmosome also known as?

Anchoring junctions

Describe a gap junction and give an example

Provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell and in this way are similar in their function to the plasmodesmata in plants Consist of membrane proteins that surround a pore through which ions, sugars, amino acids, and other small molecules may pass E.x. Necessary for communication between cells in many types of tissues, including heat muscle, and in animal embryos

What is a gap junction also known as?

Communicating junctions