CELL COMMUNICATION 1

Question 1

THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY GLAND PLAY THE ROLE OF HOMEOSTASIS AS WELL AS LINKING ………………………. AND …………………….. SYSTEMS

Answer 1

NEURONAL

ENDOCRINOLOGICAL

Question 2

CHOLESTEROL MAKES UP WHAT PERCENTAGE OF CELL MEMBRANES AND IS THE PRECURSOR FOR A RANGE OF STEROID HORMONES.

Answer 2

APPROX 30%

Question 3

GIVE EXAMPLES OF CHOLESTEROL DERIVED STEROID HORMONES

Answer 3

CORTISOL
ESTRADIOL
TESTOSTERONE
VITAMIN D3

Question 4

WHAT ARE THE TWO CLASSES OF STEROIDS

Answer 4

CORTICOSTEROIDS

SEX STEROIDS

Question 5

WHAT ARE THE THE TYPES OF CORTICOSTEROIDS

Answer 5

GLUCOCORTICOIDS

MINERALOCORTICOIDS

Question 6

WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF SEX STEROIDS

Answer 6

ANDROGENS
OESTROGENS
PROGESTROGENS

Question 7

MOLECULARLY WHAT ARE STEROIDS GENERALLY MADE UP OF

Answer 7

N TERMINAL DOMAIN
DNA BINDING DOMAIN
HINGE REGION
LIGAND BINDING DOMAIN
C TERMINAL DOMAIN

Question 8

HOW ARE STEROIDS USUALLY NAMED

Answer 8

REFER TO THE RECEPTORS THEY BIND TO

Question 9

WHAT IS THE DNA BINDING DOMAIN MADE UP OF

Answer 9

ENCODES ZINC FINGERS THAT ARE MADE UP OF 4 CYSTEINE RESIDUES COORDINATING WITH A ZINC ATOM TO FORM A LOOP THAT CAN ACCESS THE DNA HELIX

Question 10

THE STEROIDAL PRIMARY STRUCTURE AND DNA BINDING DOMAINS ARE ……………. ACROSS THE FAMILY

Answer 10

SIMILAR

Question 11

TRANSCRIPTIONAL RESPONSES TO NUCLEAR RECEPTOR STIMULATION INCLUDES …………. AND SECONDARY PHASES. STEROID HORMONE BINDING ACTIVATES …………….. TO SYNTHESISE PROTEINS. THE PRIMARY RESPONSE PROTEINS (TRANSCRIPTION ……………) ACTIVATE SECONDARY GENES. THERE WILL BE A ……………… IN RESPONSE IN THIS PRODUCTION. THE SECONDARY RESPONSE WILL …………………. THE PRIMARY RESPONSE AS WELL AS ……………………. OTHERS

Answer 11

PRIMARY
GENES
FACTORS
DELAY
INHIBIT
ACTIVATE

Question 12

WHAT IS AN ADVANTAGE OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS

Answer 12

THEY ARE WIDELY USED IN MEDICAL THERAPIES DUE TO DIVERSE FUNCTIONAL CATEGORIES

Question 13

WHAT IS A DISADVANTAGE OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS

Answer 13

FOR THE SAME REASON THEY HAVE BAD SIDE EFFECTS

Question 14

WHAT ARE GLUCOCORTICOIDS

Answer 14

STEOROID HORMONES PRODUCED BY THE ADRENAL GLAND THAT ARE KNOWN PARTICULARLY FOR THEIR IMMUNOSUPPRESSION AND POTENT ANTI INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES

Question 15

IN THE HYPOTHALAMIC PITUITARY ADRENAL AXIS, COTRICOTROPIN RELEASING ………………… (CRH) IN THE …………………………, CAUSES PRODUCTION OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH) IN THE ………………… GLAND. THIS STIMULATES …………………. PRODUCTION IN THE …………….. GLANDS.

Answer 15

HORMONE
HYPOTHALAMUS
PITUITARY
CORTISOL
ADRENAL

Question 16

UNDER WHAT CIRCUMSTANCES IS CORTISOL PRODUCED

Answer 16

STRESS

LOW BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS

Question 17

WHAT CAN CORTISOL AFFECT

Answer 17

METABOLISM
IMMUNE SYSTEM
ELECTROLYTE BALANCE
MEMORY

Question 18

WHAT IS ADDISONS DISEASE

Answer 18

CAUSED BY ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY THEREFORE NOT ENOUGH CORTISOL

Question 19

WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF ADDISONS DISEASE

Answer 19

DEPRESSION
FLU LIKE SYMPTOMS
NAUSEA
WEIGHT LOSS

Question 20

WHAT IS AN ADDISONIAN CRISIS

Answer 20

ANY EVENT THAT TAKES UP A LOT OF CORTISOL SUCH AS INFECTION OR AN ACCIDENT CAN HAVE LIFE THREATENING CONSEQUENCES AS NOT ENOUGH CORTISOL TO BEGIN WITH

Question 21

WHAT IS PRIMARY ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY

Answer 21

LACK OF CORTISOL DUE TO DAMAGE TO THE ADRENAL GLANDS

Question 22

WHAT IS SECONDARY ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY

Answer 22

LACK OF CORTISOL DUE TO LACK OF ACTH

Question 23

WHAT IS CUSHINGS SYNDROME

Answer 23

INCREASED LEVELS OF CORTISOL

Question 24

WHAT CAN CAUSE CUSHINGS SYNDROME

Answer 24

BENIGN ADENOMA GROWING IN THE PITUITARY LEADING TO INCREASE ACTH PRODUCTION
ALSO CAUSED BY LONG TERM STEROID USE

Question 25

WHAT CELLS MAKES INSULIN

Answer 25

BETA CELLS IN THE ISLETS OF LANGERHANS IN THE PANCREAS

Question 26

WHAT IS THE INSULIN RECEPTOR MADE UP OF

Answer 26

4 COMPONENTS LINKED BY DISULPHIDE BRIDGES | TRANSMEMBRANOUS RECEPTOR, ITS EC COMPONENT BINDS TO THE LIGAND AND IC IS A RECEPTOR KINASE

Question 27

WHAT ASSOCIATES WITH THE INSULIN RECEPTOR

Answer 27

A CLOSELY ASSOCIATED INSULIN RECEPTOR SUBSTRATE 1 (IRS1) ALSO BECOMES TYROSINE PHOPHORYLATED.

Question 28

HOW DOES THE INSULIN RECEPTOR FUNCTION

Answer 28

LIGAND BINDING TRIGGERS A CONFORMATIONAL CHANGE CAUSING PHOSPHORYLATION AND AUTOPHOSPHORYLATION OF THE RECEPTOR

Question 29

WHAT IS THE INSULIN PATHWAY

Answer 29

1. TYROSIN PHOSPHORYLATION OF THE RECEPTOR AND ITS DIRECT SUBSTRATES (IRS1) 2. ACTIVATION OF LIPID KINAS PI3K 3. ACTIVATION OF MULTIPLE SERINE/THREONINE KINASES THE MOST IMPORTANT BEING AKT 4. THIS GOES ON TO DOWN STREAM EFFECTORS TO CAUSE: GLUCOSE UPTAKE, PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS

Question 30

GOOD CONTROL OF GLUCOSE LEVELS DEPENDS ON TWO TYPES OF INSULIN, WHAT ARE THEY

Answer 30

LONG ACTING BACKGROUND INSULIN REPLACEMENT | FAST ACTING BOLUS WITH MEALS TO DEAL WITH SPIKES

Question 31

WHAT IS TYPE 1 DIABETES

Answer 31

DESTRUCTION OF BETA CELLS

Question 32

WHAT IS TYPE 2 DIABETES

Answer 32

DISREGULATION OF METABOLISM, IMPAIRED INSULIN SECRETED

Question 33

WHAT IS A GOOD TREATMENTS FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES ASIDES FROM DIET

Answer 33

METFORMIN