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CELL CYCLE Flashcards

1
Q

Is the process by which a single cell divides into two or more daughter cells

A

Cell division

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2
Q

Cell division can occur through two main mechanisms: ________ and ________

A

Mitosis and Meiosis

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3
Q

is the process by which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells

A

Mitosis

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4
Q

during this phase, it grows, replicates, its chromosomes and prepares for cell division

A

Interphase

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5
Q

Interphase is composed of

A

G1 Phase (cell growth)
S phase (DNA synthesis)
G2 Phase (cell growth)

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6
Q

also called the first gap phase

A

G1 Phase

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7
Q

cell grows physically larger in this phase, copies organelles and makes the molecular building blocks it will need in later steps

A

G1 Phase

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8
Q

-The cell synthesizes a complete copy of the dna in its nucleus
-also duplicates a microtubule-organizing structure called the centrosome

A

S Phase

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9
Q

the centrosomes help separate DNA during what phase

A

M phase

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10
Q

the cell grows more, makes proteins and organelles and begins to reorganize its contents in preparation for mitosis

A

G2 PHASE

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11
Q

_____phase ends when mitosis begins

A

G2 Phase

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12
Q

M PHASE (PMAT)

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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13
Q

the chromatin in the nucleus condenses into visible chromosomes

A

Prophase

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14
Q

responsible for organizing spindle fibers

A

centrosome

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15
Q

the nuclear envelope breaks down allowing the spindle fibers to attach to the chromosomes

A

Prophase

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16
Q

in this phase, the chromosomes line up along three equator of the cell called the _________

A

Metaphase
Metaphase Plate

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17
Q

during this stage the sister chromatids of each replicated chromosome separate are pulled towards opposite poles of the cell by the spindle fibers 

A

Anaphase

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18
Q

during this phase, the chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell, and the nuclear envelope begins to reform around each set of chromosomes 

A

Telophase

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19
Q

The spindle fiber is assembled, and the cell begins to prepare for ________

A

Cytokinesis

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20
Q

Is the process by which the cell divides into two daughters cells

A

Cytokinesis

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21
Q

In animal cells a _______ and _________ forms around the cell contracting and pinching the cell membrane until the cell is divided into two separate cells

A

Contractile ring of actin
Myosin Filaments

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22
Q

cells in _____ phase are not actively preparing to divide. The cell is in a in a quiescent(inactive) stage that occurs when cells exit the cell cycle

A

G0 Phase

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23
Q

what are the cell cycle checkpoints

A

G1 checkpoint
G2 Checkpoint
M checkpoint

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24
Q

What ate the things to consider in G1 checkpoint?

A
  • Size
  • Nutrients
  • Molecular Signals
  • Dna Integrity
  • Dna replication
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25
The cell examines whether all the sister chromatids are correctly attached to the spindle microtubules
M Checkpoint
26
True or False. The cycle will not proceed until all the chromosomes are firmly attached to at least two spindle fibers from opposite poles of the cell.
True
27
_______ and ________ cues trigger signaling pathways inside the cell that activate or inactivate a set of core proteins that move the cell cycle forward
Internal and External cues
28
promote progress of the cell to the next phase
Positive Regulation
29
Halts the cycle
Negative Regulation
30
are named such because they undergo a constant cycle of synthesis and degradation during cell division POSITIVE REGULATORS
Cyclins
31
when cyclones are synthesize, they act as an activating protein, and find CDK forming a
Cyclin Cdk complex
32
CDK
Cyclin Dependent Kinases
33
Is an enzyme that adds negatively charged phosphate, groups to other molecules in the process called_________
Cyclin dependent protein Kinase (CDKs) Phosphorylation
34
Through this process, CDK signal the cell that it is ready to pass into the next stage of the cell cycle
Phosphorylation
35
Mechanism of cyclin action
- Cyclin binds and activates CDK - Cdk activates target protein to regulate cell cycle - cyclin destroyed
36
are a group of tumor, suppressor proteins, common in many cells NEGATIVE REGULATORS
Retinoblastoma Proteins
37
The ______ and ______ designations referred to the functional molecular masses of the proteins in kilodaltons
53 and 21
38
How important are the control points in the cell cycle for the growth and development of an organism?
it allows certain genes to check for problems and hold the cycle for repairs if something goes wrong
39
explain what would happen if there were no control points in the cell cycle
cells divide without order and accumulate genetic errors that can lead to a cancerous tumor
40
how long does the cell cycle take for humans?
24 hours
41
True or false different cells take different length of time to complete the cell cycle
true
42
Salivation begins in metaphase when the chromosomes duplicate true or false
false
43
Mitosis occurs in somatic or body cells, give examples
Liver heart skin stomach
44
how many chromosomes do humans have?
46
45
The total number of chromosomes in the somatic cell
Diploid Number
46
diploid means_________ and is written as _______
2 sets 2n
47
This is the process by which a single cell divides into four daughters house, each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell
Meiosis
48
Meiosis is critical for sexual reproduction as it allows for the production of _______
gametes
49
For males, meiosis produces_______
4 sperm
50
For females, meiosis produces
1 egg
51
The other 3 cells are called ______, they give up their cytoplasm to nourish the 1 good egg
Polar bodies
52
If humans deployed number is 46. What is its haploid number?
23
53
Daploid number of a dog is 78, what is its haploid number
39
54
when does meiosis occur in males?
Beginning at puberty
55
when does meiosis occur in females?
Before birth
56
Human have 46 chromosomes in their somatic cells, but_________ chromosomes in their sex cells
23 (half ng chromosome number)
57
Processed by which an egg and sperm unite
Fertilization
58
Fertilized egg is called
zygote
59
organism in early stage of development
Embryo
60
__________are chromosomes with genes for the same trait, arranged in the same order
Homologous Chromosomes
61
gene form for each variation of a trait of an organism
Allele
62
PHASES OF MEIOSIS
PMAT I PMAT II
63
in this phase, each pair of homologous chromosomes to form a_______
Prophase I Tetrad
64
the homologous chromosomes come together, and the four chromatids overlap
Tetrad
65
The exchange of genetic material by non-sister chromatids
Crossing Over
66
shortest phase
Metaphase I
67
occurs where pairs of homologous lineup independently of other pairs, orientation toward the poles
Independent Assortment
68
- spindle fibers attached to the centromeres of each pair - centromeres do not split like they do in mitosis
Anaphase I
69
- spindle fibers break down - chromosomes uncoil - Cytoplasm Devides
Telophase I
70
The chromosomes condensed and then nuclear envelope breaks down, crossing over occurs
Prophase I
71
Pairs of homologous chromosomes move to the equator of the cell
Metaphase I
72
homologous chromosomes move to the opposite poles of the cell
Anaphase I
73
chromosomes gather at the polls of the cells. the cytoplasm divides
Telophase I
74
A new spindle forms around the chromosomes
Prophase II
75
chromosomes lineup at the equator
Metaphase II
76
Centromeres divide. chromatids move to the opposite poles of the cell
Anaphase II
77
nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes, the cytoplasm divides
Telophase II

GENERAL BIOLOGY (4 decks)

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