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Biology > Cell cycle > Flashcards

Cell cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cell cycle (simple) ?

A

-It starts with a parent cell and ends with 2 genetically identical daughter cells

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2
Q

What are the uses of cell cycle?

A

-Growth,repair and replacement of cells in tissues of multicellular organisms.
- Also essential for asexual reproduction in plants,fungi, some animals and single celled organisms.

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3
Q

What stage does a cell spend most of its time in?

A
  • interphase
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4
Q

In what stage does the DNA replicate?

A
  • s phase
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5
Q

How can you tell that a chromosome has been replicated ?

A
  • Looks like and X / has a copy of itself attached
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6
Q

In what stage does the nucleus divide?

A
  • Mitosis
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7
Q

In what stage does the cell divide?

A
  • cytokinesis
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8
Q

What stage are specialised (differentiated cells) in?

A
  • G0 - cells have left the cell cycle
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9
Q

Draw and explain the cell cycle on your whiteboard

A

check on google did you get it right ?

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10
Q

What metabolic functions occur during interphase ?

A

In addition to normal metabolic functions:
- DNA replication
- Checking that replication is accurate
- Production of new organelles
- Cells increase in size
-** Protein synthesis**
- ATP production increases
-

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11
Q

What happens in G1 first growth phase?

A
  • Transcription / translation / Protein synthesis occurs​
  • Organelles duplicate​
  • Cell grows in size.
  • G1 checkpoint: ​
  • The cell checks that the chemicals needed for replication are present and it checks for any damage to the DNA before entering S phase
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12
Q

What is G0 phase ?

A

A resting phase can be triggered in early G1​
- Cells which enter this phase do not go on to replicate.​
- Cells in G0 may:​
- Differentiate and become specialised​
- Undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis)​
- Become senescent (have completed the maximum number of cell divisions)

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13
Q

What takes place in the S phase ?

A

**S: Synthesis phase: **
-DNA is replicated
-During DNA replication DNA polymerase makes many random and spontaneous errors resulting in mutations to DNA ​
-These can be beneficial, neutral or harmful

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14
Q

What takes place in G2 ?

A

-Cell grows in size​
-ATP production increases​
-Protein synthesis for spindle fibres for mitosis.
G2 checkpoint: ​
-The cell checks whether all the DNA has been replicated without any damage. If it has the cell can enter mitosis

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15
Q

PMAT - pretty mary aint tall

What are the stages of mitosis and what is it?

A
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
  • mitosis is a form of cell division that produces identical cells, there are four
    stages of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
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16
Q

What happens in prophase ?

A
  • Chromosomes condense and become visible
  • Nuclear envelope breaks down
  • Nucleolus breaks up and disappears
    -Centrioles migrate to opposite poles
  • Mitotic spindle starts to form.
17
Q

What happens in the metaphase

A
  • Chromosomes (each with two chromotids) are organised into a plane across the centre of the cell.
  • Spindles fibres attach onto the centrometres.
  • Metaphase checkpoint - the cell checks all the chromosomes are attached to spindle fibres.
18
Q

What happens in the anaphase ?

A
  • spindle fibres contract and the centrometres divide
  • This pulls the sister chromotids to opposite poles
  • Cells starts to elongate
19
Q

What happens in the telophase ?

A
  • chromosomes no longer visible
  • nuclear envelope and nucleolous reforms
  • spindle disintergrates
20
Q

What is cytokinesis ?

A
  • during cytokinesis the parent and replicated organelles move toopposite sides of the cell and the cytoplasm divides thus producing two daughter
    cells
21
Q

What are the types of cytokinesis ?

A
  • Animal cell
  • Plant cell
22
Q

What happens in animal cell cytokinesis ?

A
  • The contractile ring (containing microfilaments made up of actin) forms inbetween 2 daughter cells - needs ATP
  • Cell surface membrane + cytoplasm divide
  • Really quick process
23
Q

What happens in a plant cell during cytokinesis ?

A
  • A new cell wall forms inbetween two daughter cells
  • Vesicles containing cell wall components start to arrange themselves at the centre of the cell
  • Eventually vesicles fuse forming the new cell wall

Biology (22 decks)

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