Cell Cycle

Question 1

What are the 3 principles of cell theory?

Answer 1

• All living things are made up of cells
• Cells are the basic unit of life
• Cells are composed of other living cells

Question 2

What is a eukaryotic cell? Example

Answer 2

A cell with membrane bound organelles and a clearly defined nucleus e.g. animal, and plant

Question 3

What is a prokaryotic cell? Example

Answer 3

A cell with non membrane bound organelles and no true nucleus e.g. bacteria and archea

Question 4

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 4

Makes, folds and modifies proteins

Question 5

Mitochondria

Answer 5

Generates energy through aerobic respiration, producing ATP, breaks down glucose into ATP to fuel cellular processes

Question 6

Cytoplasm

Answer 6

Maintains cell shape and structure, where chemical reactions take place

Question 7

Golgi Body/ Golgi Apparatus

Answer 7

Modifies, sorts and packages proteins for transport to their destinations

Question 8

Vacuole

Answer 8

Storage of various solutions and materials, excretion of waste products, maintains structure and pH, osmoregulation and homeostasis

Question 9

Ribosomes

Answer 9

Makes amino acids by reading the messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence

Question 10

Centrioles

Answer 10

Helps chromosomes move in mitosis and meiosis, produce cilia in interphase

Question 11

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 11

Makes and stores lipids and steroid, carbohydrate metabolism, drug detoxification, calcium concentration

Question 12

Lysosome

Answer 12

Breakdown excess or worn-out parts of the cell using hydrolytic enzymes, destroys viruses and bacteria

Question 13

Nucleus

Answer 13

Controls cell activity, holds genetic information

Question 14

Intermediate Filaments

Answer 14

Structural support and stability

Question 15

Nucleolus

Answer 15

Producing ribosomes which are then transported to the cytoplasm for photosynthesis

Question 16

Cell Membrane

Answer 16

Controls what goes in and out of the cell

Question 17

How is a nerve cell specialised?

Answer 17

• Long axon: allows impulse to travel
• Dendrites: to receive signals
• Mitochondria: for energy
• Insulation: myelin sheath, fatty layer that speeds up impulse transmission

Question 18

How is a muscle cell specialised?

Answer 18

• Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: calcium ions for contraction
• Spindle shaped body: contains mitochondria
• Myofibrils: proteins for contraction

Question 19

How are red blood cells specialised?

Answer 19

• No nucleus: more room for O2
• Biconcave shape: for larger SA for O2
• Haemoglobin: binds and carries O2

Question 20

How is a sperm cell specialised?

Answer 20

• Tail: for movement
• Mitochondria: energy
• Acrosome: tip of the head that releases enzymes to digest egg membrane

Question 21

What is the calculation for magnification?

Answer 21

Magnification= Image/ Actual size
AIM

Question 22

What happens in interphase?

Answer 22

The nucleolus and the nuclear envelope are distinct, and the chromosomes are in the form of threadlike chromatin

Question 23

What happens in prophase?

Answer 23

The chromosomes appear condensed and become more visible, nuclear envelope begins to break down

Question 24

What happens in telophase?

Answer 24

Chromatids reach the poles, the nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes and the chromosomes begin to decondense

Question 25

What happens in metaphase?

Answer 25

Chromosomes align at the centre of the cell (equatorial plane), spindle fibres attach to the centromeres

Question 26

What happens in anaphase?

Answer 26

Sister chromatids are pulled apart towards opposite poles of the cell

Question 27

What happens in cytokinesis?

Answer 27

Cytoplasm splits in two and the cell divides