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Molecular Biology > Cell cycle > Flashcards

Cell cycle Flashcards

0
Q

how many mistakes per cell division?

A

6 or 1x 10^9 mistakes can occur.

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1
Q

cell growth and chromosome replication, chromosome segregation and cell division are three major aspects of?

A

the cell cycle

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2
Q

every year, new tissue in which organ is replaced?

A

the liver

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3
Q

how many RBCs are produced every second?

A

2.4 million

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4
Q

cancer is a disease of?

A

uncontrolled, excess cell proliferation

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5
Q

the cell cycle control system is defined as?

A

an ordered series of biochemical switches

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6
Q

regulating the number of red blood cell production is a mechanism of?

A

cell cycle control system

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7
Q

also called the “restriction point” this commits the cell to enter the next phase

A

Checkpoint 1

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8
Q

metaphase to anaphase transition ensures the sister chromatids are attached to the spindles at this checkpoint

A

Checkpoint 3

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9
Q

what are CDC genes?

A

cell division cycle genes

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10
Q

green light in Checkpoint 2 means?

A

cell can enter mitosis

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11
Q

to study cell cycle 3, it is best to use?

A

immortalized cell lines that grow continuously forever. cancer cell lines

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12
Q

CDKs are used by the cell cycle control system to function as?

A

phosphorylate proteins to activate them that turn on various steps of the cycle.

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13
Q

CDKs are dependent on?

A

Cyclin bound to have protein kinase activity.

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14
Q

Cyclin levels vary. do CDK levels?

A

no. they are constant throughout the cell cycle

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15
Q

cyclins in this phase activate CDKS in late G1, trigger progression to start, commit to cell cycle entry, and levels drop in S phase

A

G1/S cyclins

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16
Q

S cyclins

A

….

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17
Q

G2 Cyclins

A

….

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18
Q

4th kind of cyclins

A

….

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19
Q

in the separation of sister chromatids, which cyclin governs this step?

A

all cyclins fall during this phase of the cell cycle. therefore, no cyclins are active.

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20
Q

phosphorylation of the Tloop on the cyclin-cdk complex is done by?

A

CAK

21
Q

Wee 1 kinase inhibits?

A

CDK activity at the “roof site”

22
Q

CDC 25 functions as a?

A

phosphatase to dephosphorylate the “roof site” to increase cdk activity.

23
Q

P27 is a type of?

A

CDK inhibitory protein to inactivate cdk and cyclin. primarily used in the G1/S phase

24
Q

familial hereditary melanoma is caused by?

A

gene INK 4A similar to a CKI involved in the G1 phase of the cell cycle leading to cell proliferation

25
Q

P53 is a major type of?

A

tumor suppressor and influences expression of many genes.

26
Q

waht happens if P53 fails?

A

….

27
Q

S-CDk is important in

A

starting DNA replication

28
Q

ubiquitin system stimulates destruction of

A

CKI…..

29
Q

Wee1 holds M-Cdk in its

A

inactive state in order to prime several M-cdk complexes ready to be used during mitosis

30
Q

CDC 25 activates primed

A

M-cdk and suppresses Wee 1

31
Q

the key regulator of the metaphase-anaphase transition is?

A

APC/C

32
Q

what is Cohesin

A

sister chromatids held together along theri length

33
Q

what protects cohesion? and how?

A

Securin. inhibits separase to prevent cleavage of cohesin.

34
Q

destruction of inhibitor securin by?

A

APC/C and CDC 20

35
Q

what adds ubiquitin to the cyclins and during what phase of the cell cycle?

A

APC/C during the metaphase-anaphase transition. no cyclins are active

36
Q

regulation of cell cycle

A

phosphorylation of the cdk, binding of cki, proteolysis of cyclin, ubiquination of protins

37
Q

Mitosis occurs in two parts. they are?

A

increase in Mcdk acitivty at G2 M triggers prophase

metaphase to anaphase transition by APC,C

38
Q

for DNA replication to occur, the cell must solve 2 problems

A

replication of DNA with complete accuracy to prevent mutations and every nucleotide is copied once to prevent amplification.

39
Q

there are 2 steps for DNA replication involving

A
  1. PRE-RC (formed by APC/C) assembles at origin of replication. G1. critical!
  2. preinitiation complex formed. S phase
40
Q

assembly of PRE-RC is inhibited by?

A

Cdk activity

41
Q

while S cdk and M cdk are high during S and M stage, what is NOT formed?

A

PRE-RC

42
Q

during PRE-RC assembly, what is low and what is high?

A

CDK activity is low and APC/C is high.

43
Q

key player in the initiation of DNA replication

A

ORC-origin of replication complex

44
Q

ORC is phosphorylated to inhibit function by?

A

S-cdk

45
Q

degradation and phosphorylation of CDc6 by?

A

S-cdk

46
Q

cdt 1 inhibited by?

A

Geminin

47
Q

S-cdk causes destruction of the PRE-RC so what can occur?

A

DNA synthesis

48
Q

in late mitosis and early G1, APC/C triggers destruction of geminin which inhibits?

A

cdt1

49
Q

PRE-RC cannot form new PRE-Rc until?

A

M cdk is inactivated

Molecular Biology (3 decks)

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