Cell Cycle

Question 1

list the three phases of interphase

Answer 1

G1 S G2

Question 2

what makes spindle fibers

Answer 2

centrioles

Question 3

what do spindle fibers do

Answer 3

pull the chromosomes apart

Question 4

list the four phases of mitosis

Answer 4

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Question 5

list the three phases of the cell cycle

Answer 5

interphase, mitosis, cytokineis

Question 6

metastasize

Answer 6

the movement of cancer cells from one body tissue to anouther

Question 7

two types of cells that never undergo mitosis

Answer 7

skin and nerve cells

Question 8

what are the two types of tumors, which one is cancerous, and why

Answer 8

benign and malignant; malignant is cancerous because it can metastasize

Question 9

three reasons cells divide

Answer 9

1. grow/ develop
2. replace old/ dead/ damaged cells
3. make gametes

Question 10

why does MITOSIS occur in our cells

Answer 10

to replace cells and grow and develop

Question 11

why does MEIOSIS occur in our cells

Answer 11

to make sex cells

Question 12

where does meiosis occur in males and females

Answer 12

testes and ovaries

Question 13

when does meiosis occur in males/females

Answer 13

puberty/ before birth

Question 14

what separates during anaphase II

Answer 14

sister chromatids

Question 15

how many chromosomes are in human somatic cells

Answer 15

46

Question 16

how many chromosomes are in human gametes

Answer 16

23

Question 17

diferenciation

Answer 17

when a cell changes to become the type of cell it is going to be

Question 18

cyclins

Answer 18

chemicals that stimulate the division and differentiation of new cells during growth

Question 19

regeneration

Answer 19

the process of growing back lost body parts

Question 20

vegetative reproduction

Answer 20

when new plants grow from the stems, leaves, or roots of an existing plant

Question 21

prokaryotes divide by the process of what

Answer 21

binary fission

Question 22

when does DNA replication occur

Answer 22

s phase of mitosis

Question 23

in the first phase of binary fission the DNA is …

Answer 23

replicated

Question 24

after two nuclear divisions in meiosis, how many cells result

Answer 24

4

Question 25

two types of gametes

Answer 25

sperm and egg

Question 26

sexual reproduction

Answer 26

when separated pieces of parent organisms develop into new individuals

Question 27

budding

Answer 27

when a parent organism produces offspring by growing a tiny replica of itself

Question 28

crossing over

Answer 28

the exchange of genes between pairs of homologous chromosomes

Question 29

genes

Answer 29

regions that code for specific traits or characteristics of organisms

Question 30

what checkpoint occurs in the G2 phase of interphase

Answer 30

mitotic spindle check point

Question 31

adapation

Answer 31

the process of change in living populations over time

Question 32

genetic variation

Answer 32

differences among members of a population

Question 33

cleavage furrow

Answer 33

a groove that forms through the middle of the parent cell that divides the cytoplasm

Question 34

sister chromatids

Answer 34

identical strands of DNA that result from replication

Question 35

asexual reproduction

Answer 35

a type of reproduction when one parent produces identical offspring by cell division

Question 36

a prokaryote's DNA is ___ and ____

Answer 36

circular and single

Question 37

when in meiosis do HOMOLOGOUS chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Answer 37

metaphase I

Question 38

in metaphase 1 __ occurs allowing the resulting sex chromosomes to be different

Answer 38

crossing over

Question 39

chromosomes become distinctly visible in what phase of mitosis

Answer 39

phrophase

Question 40

what separates in anaphase of mitosis

Answer 40

chromosomes

Question 41

how many daughter cells are made from mitosis occuring in one parent cell

Answer 41

2

Question 42

what is the cell formed when an egg and a sperm fuse

Answer 42

zygote

Question 43

what is the process of the fusion of an egg and sperm

Answer 43

fertilization

Question 44

what cell has two complete sets of chromosomes

Answer 44

diploid

Question 45

what cell has one complete set of chromosomes

Answer 45

haploid

Question 46

mitosis

Answer 46

the division of the nucleus of a cell

Question 47

cytokinesis

Answer 47

the division of the cytoplasm of the cell

Question 48

if the somatic cells = 14 chromosomes, then the haploid # is

Answer 48

7

Question 49

is gametes = 16 chromosomes, then # are in the somatic cells

Answer 49

32

Question 50

if somatic cells = 28, the diploid # is

Answer 50

28

Question 51

what are the two processes that occur during meiosis that allow for genetic variation

Answer 51

independent assortment and crossing over

Question 52

in what phase does crossing over occur

Answer 52

phrophase I

Question 53

tetrad

Answer 53

a pair of homologous chromosomes

Question 54

synapisis

Answer 54

the process of two homologous chromosomes coming together

Question 55

genes are mutated by what

Answer 55

mutagens

Question 56

what are the two genes that work to control the cell cycle

Answer 56

protooncogenes and tumor suppressor genes

Question 57

protooncogenes act as a what

Answer 57

gas pedal/speed up division

Question 58

tumor suppressor genes act as a what

Answer 58

brakes/ slow down division

Question 59

is a zygote diploid or haploid

Answer 59

dipoid

Question 60

telomeres

Answer 60

the ends of chromosomes that are lost every time cell division occurs

Question 61

three causes of aging

Answer 61

telomeres, cancer, and apoptosis

Question 62

what is necrosis

Answer 62

an unplanned/damaged death

Question 63

trisomy

Answer 63

an extra copy of a chromosome

Question 64

monosony

Answer 64

a missing copy of a chromosome

Question 65

what causes trisomy and monosomy

Answer 65

nondisjunction

Question 66

what happens if apoptosis occurs too often

Answer 66

you get degenerate diseases

Question 67

what occurs if mitosis is unchecked

Answer 67

tumors or cancer

Question 68

what occurs when a gene that makes an enzyme for repairing DNA doesn't work properly

Answer 68

werners syndrom

Question 69

why do people shrink when they get older

Answer 69

apoptosis of bone cells

Question 70

apoptosis

Answer 70

a planned, programmed death

Question 71

what is made during spermogenesis and how many

Answer 71

4 sperms

Question 72

what is made during oogenesis and how many

Answer 72

1 ova and 3 polar bodies

Question 73

how is oogenesis different than spermogenesis

Answer 73

unequal cytokinesis

Question 74

what are polar bodies and what happens to them

Answer 74

small cells made from unequal cytokinesis that disolve

Question 75

which is larger the egg cell or the sperm cell and why

Answer 75

egg because it has more cytoplasm

Question 76

name two ways chromosomes can be changed

Answer 76

substitution or deletion

Question 77

what three things can be determined by looking at a karyotype

Answer 77

gender, change in number of chromosomes, change in structure

Question 78

do all cells have the same life cycle

Answer 78

no

Question 79

advantages of sexual and asexual reproduction

Answer 79

sexual=diversity | asexual=easy to regrow

Question 80

disadv. of sexual and asexual reproduction

Answer 80

mutations

Question 81

why is genetic variation so important

Answer 81

so we can adapt

Question 82

name the 4 chromosomal mutations

Answer 82

deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation

Question 83

deletion

Answer 83

a piece of a chromosome falls off/ is lost

Question 84

duplication

Answer 84

a piece is copied

Question 85

inversion

Answer 85

a piece falls off, flips around, and reinserts itself

Question 86

translocation

Answer 86

a piece of a non homologous chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome

Question 87

name the three checkpoints

Answer 87

g1,g2, mitotic spindle

Question 88

g1 checkpoint

Answer 88

is the cell big enough

Question 89

g2 checkpoint

Answer 89

is the cell big enough to divide and has DNA completely replicated

Question 90

mitotic spindle checkpoint

Answer 90

are the chromsomes aligned on the spindle

Question 91

what is trisomy 18

Answer 91

Edward's syndrome; fatal, mental retardation, small brain, cleft lip, flat face, deaftness

Question 92

trisomy 21

Answer 92

down's syndrome; small turned up eyes, small mouth and ears, small flat nose, heart defects, mental cognitive delays

Question 93

trisomy 13

Answer 93

pataus syndrome; impacts nervous system, head and face size, heart bone growth

Question 94

monosomy x

Answer 94

turner's syndrome; underdeveloped sexually, sterile, short stature, webbed neck

Question 95

trisomy xyy

Answer 95

Jacob's syndrome; excess acne, very tall, aggressive, delayed emotional maturity

Question 96

trisomy xxy

Answer 96

Klinefelter's syndrome; underdeveloped testes, sterile, feminine characteristics

Question 97

trisomy xxx

Answer 97

metafemale; taller, small head, learning disabilities, normal sexual development, fertile, delayed motor skills