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Biology 116 > Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Flashcards

Chapter 11

1
Q

What percentage of the cell cycle is interphase?

A

90%

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2
Q

What are the phases of interphase?

A

G1 phase, S phase and G2 phase

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3
Q

What are the events of interphase?

A

The cell grows and replicates both its organelles and its chromosomes.

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4
Q

Mitotic Phase

A

This involves both mitosis and cytokineses

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5
Q

What are the two types of cell division?

A

Mitosis and Meiosis

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6
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasm of cell divides into 2 distinct daughter cells

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7
Q

What are chromosomes composed of?

A

Histones and DNA

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8
Q

What is the structure of chromosomes in G2?

A

Chromosomes are unwound and consist of two daughter chromatids (2 DNA helices)

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9
Q

Cohesions

A

Rings that hold sister chromatids together

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10
Q

Codensins

A

Rings that compress DNA

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11
Q

Nuclear Lamins

A

Fragments the nuclear envelope to get it out of the way for division

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12
Q

In what phase of mitosis to chromosomes condense?

A

Prophase

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13
Q

In what phase of mitosis do spindle apparatus form?

A

Prophase

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14
Q

What is the role of the spindle apparatus?

A

To move and separate sister chromatids

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15
Q

What phase comes after Prophase?

A

Prometaphase

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16
Q

In what phase of mitosis does the nuclear envelope break down?

A

Prometaphase

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17
Q

Where do microtubules attach to chromatids?

A

Kinetochores

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18
Q

What are kinetochores?

A

Located on either side of the centromere. Where microtubules attach.

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19
Q

In what phase is the formation of the mitotic spindle complete?

20
Q

What phase comes after Prometaphase?

21
Q

In what phase of mitosis do chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate?

A

Metaphase - Each chromosome is held by microtubules from opposite plates

22
Q

What phase comes after Metaphase?

23
Q

In what phase of mitosis do cohesions holding sister chromatids together split apart?

24
Q

What phase comes after Anaphase?

25
In what phase of mitosis does a new nuclear envelope form around each new set of chromosomes?
Telophase
26
In what phase of mitosis doe chromosomes decondense?
Telophase
27
What step comes after Telophase?
Cytokinesis
28
Cytokinesis
Cytoplasm splits and 2 identical daughter cells are formed.
29
Centromere
Where the two sister chromatids are joined after DNA replication
30
What else is duplicated during interphase besides DNA?
Centrioles
31
Where are centrioles located?
Inside centrosomes.
32
What is the different between centromeres and centrosomes?
Centrosomes house centrioles and centromeres join sister chromatids
33
How does cytokinesis in animal cells occur?
A cleavage furrow forms and a ring of microtubules at that size tightens like a drawstring.
34
How does cytokinesis in plant cells occur?
Vesicles line up in the middle of the cell and fuse forming a cell plate. The cell plate becomes a wall between the two daughter cells.
35
When do chromosomes become visable?
During prophase when chromatin fibres condense into discrete chromosomes.
36
In what phase of mitosis are sister chromatids consider full-fledged chromosomes?
Anaphase
37
During prophase a homologous pair of chromosomes consists of _____.
2 chromosomes and four chromatids
38
What method to bacteria use to reproduce?
Binary Fission
39
Progression through the cell cycle is regulated by oscillations in the concentration of which type of molecule?
Cyclins
40
Epigentic Changes
Changes to histones that affect gene expression
41
What is the consequences of DNA methylation?
Epigentic Changes
42
Mitosis Promoting Factor
It has two distinct parts (2 polypeptides): cyclin and cyclindependent kinase (Cdk)
43
Cdk
kinase, an enzyme that adds a PO4(P for short) from ATP to a protein. Phosphorylation typically activates or inactivates a protein – it activates mitosis proteins.
44
When is Cdk active?
When bound to cyclin
45
What protein is the tumor suppressor in G1?
p53 protein
46
p53 Protein
auses the cell cycle or initiates apoptosis – programmed cell death – if the DNA is physically damaged.
47
Ubiquitins
small protein that attach to the cyclin subunit and mark it for destruction by proteasomes

Biology 116 (16 decks)

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