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Cell Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

Outline the apoptosis pathway.

A
  1. Death ligand binds to a death receptor.
  2. Series of caspase proteins activate causing release of cytochrome c from mitochondria.
  3. Activates apoptosome and more caspases leading to apoptosis.
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2
Q

When does cleavage of cell membrane occur in mitosis?

A

Cytokinesis

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3
Q

Where is cyclin D present?

A

Cyclin D – present all throughout interphase until mitosis.

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4
Q

What are the main two things that occur in apoptosis?

A
  1. Cytochrome c released from mitochodria
  2. Caspase activation
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5
Q

Splits the DNA strands?

A

DNA helicase

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6
Q

When can differentiation occur?

A

Interphase and G0 only.

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7
Q

What is characteristic of apoptosis?

A

Blebbing

No inflammation

Occurs to control growth of cells.

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8
Q

What replaces the RNA primers with DNA nucleotides?

A

Polymerase 2

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9
Q

What happens in the S phase of the cell cycle?

A

All 46 of the cell chromosomes are duplicated

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10
Q

What occurs in interphase?

A

DNA and organelle replication

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11
Q

What occurs in prophase?

A

Chromosomal condensation, Spindle fibers appear, nuclear membrane dissolves

Centromeres have moved to opposite ends of the nucleus.

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12
Q

DNA and organelle replication occurs when in the mitosis?

A

Interphase

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13
Q

If integrins are mentioned regarding cell junctions think what?

A

Hemidesmosomes

then think about adherens junctions.

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14
Q

Programmed cell death (Death of cells which is a normal & controlled part of organism’s growth/development) is…

A

Apoptosis

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15
Q

In what phase do the chromosomes line up, spindle fibers attach to centromeres?

A

Metaphase

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16
Q

What do hemidesmosomes do?

A

Anchor cells to the basement membrane.

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17
Q

A cell junction connecting cells via integrins and cadherins.

A

Adherin junctions

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18
Q

Understand

A
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19
Q

When does chromosomal condensation, Spindle fibers appear, nuclear membrane dissolves occur in mitosis?

A

Prophase

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20
Q

Interphase consists of what phases?

A
  • G0
  • G1
  • S
  • G2
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21
Q

Destruction of a cell by it’s own enzymes

A

Autolysis

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22
Q

When does apoptosis occur?

A
  • Forming fingers/toes in embryo
  • Menstrual lining
  • Prevents cancer
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23
Q

What are the three types of vesicular transport?

A
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24
Q

What is necrosis?

Study These Flashcards
A

Unprogrammed cell death in response to cellular trauma/injury.

Inflammation

25
What occurs in G1 of the cell cycle?
* Transcription factors activated * Protein synthesis * Organelle synthesis * Responsive to growth factors
26
What kind of receptor does insulin bind to?
Tyrosin kinase receptor
27
What does polymerase 1 do?
• Polymerase 1 adds DNA nucleotides to the lagging strand in fragments called Okazaki fragments
28
When insulin binds to it's tyrosine kinase recceptor what happens?
Causes vesicles containing GLUT-4 receptros to fuse with the cell surface membrane.
29
What occurs in cytokinesis?
Cleavage of the cell membrane
30
What do the G1 and S checkpoints do?
Help to prevent anueploidy and polyploidy
31
What occurs in telophase?
Nuclear envelopes reform around the chromosome groups.
32
What occurs in G2 of the cell cycle?
The cell 'double checks' the duplicated chromosomes for any errors making any needed repairs.
33
How do tyrosine kinase receptors work?
1. When ligand binds, receptor is activated 2. Tyrosine molecules on receptor become phosphorylated 3. This activates other intracellular proteins (second messengers)
34
Cadherins = what junction type?
Adherens junction
35
What occurs leading to cell divsion in S phase?
* DNA synthesis * Chromosomes duped to form sister chromatids * Material may be exchanged between sister chromatids (recombination)
36
Lineage programming relates to what?
Cell differentiation
37
What is caspase?
Protein involved in programmed cell death.
38
What occurs in anaphase?
Spindles pull sister chromatids apart
39
Understand
Understood
40
What are the three types of cell junction and what do they do?
41
What forms the phosphodiester bond between fragments?
DNA Ligase
42
What happens in G1 of the cell cycle?
The cellular contents excluding the chromosomes are duplicated.
43
Where are desmosome junctions found?
Cardiac muscle cells. Desmosomes prevent epidermal cells from separating under the tension and cardiac muscle cells from pulling apart during contraction.
44
What is anoikis?
Loss of connection between cell in ECM.
45
What is necroptosis?
Regulated necrosis Inflammtion Viral defence mechanism
46
Begins the recruitment of new nitrogen bases in DNA replication?
Primase
47
In what direction does DNA replication occur?
5' --- 3' direction
48
Where are each of the cyclin DEAB proteins present?
49
In what phase of mitosis do spindles pull sister chromatids apart?
Anaphase
50
What are the checkpoint proteins?
Cyclin **DEAB**
51
Understand the cell cycle process.
52
What unwinds DNA in DNA replication?
Topoisomerase
53
What is autophagy?
Phagocytosis of damaged organelles, unused proteins or pathogens.
54
Necrosis often occurs due to what?
Ichaemia and Hypoxia
55
What occurs in metaphase?
Chromosomes line up, spindle fibers attach to centromeres
56
What is happening to the cell in G0?
The cell cycle is at rest
57
When in mitosis do the nuclear envelopes reform around the chromosome groups
Telophase
58
What are the three checkpoints of mitosis?
1. G1 checkpoint - nutrients, growth factors and DNA damage. 2. G2 checkpoint - cell size and DNA replication 3. Metaphase checkpoint for chromosome spindle attachment.

Foundation Block 1 (5 decks)

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