Cell cycle, Cancer, Stem Cells and DNA Science Study Guide

Question 1

What are the 4 stages of the cell cycle?

Answer 1

G1, S, G2, M

Question 2

What is happening during G1 and G2?

Answer 2

Grows and prepares for DNA replication

Question 3

What is happening during S?

Answer 3

DNA replication actually happens

Question 4

What is happening during M?

Answer 4

The cell undergoes division

Question 5

How many checkpoints are there and in what phases do they occur?

Answer 5

There are 3 checkpoints

Question 6

What does it mean when a cell stays in G0?

Answer 6

It is not actively dividing

Question 7

What does it mean when the cell cycle keeps going uncontrollably?

Answer 7

You can get cancer

Question 8

How many cell cycle turns (doubling of cells) does it take to make a 36 trillion cell human?

Answer 8

Approximately 45 cell cycles

Question 9

What do mutations in checkpoints tend to lead to?

Answer 9

Increased risk of cancer

Question 10

What is an example of liquid cancer? What do we call a solid clump of cancer cells?

Answer 10

One example is leukemia and a solid clump is a tumor

Question 11

What stage of the cell cycle does Mitosis take place in?

Answer 11

Mitosis takes place in the M phase

Question 12

Distinguish Mitosis from cytokinesis.

Answer 12

Mitosis is the stage where the nucleus divides and cytokinesis is the stage right after

Question 13

By initials, what are the 4 stages of Mitosis?

Answer 13

PMAT

Question 14

What happens during prophase to the DNA, nuclear membrane, and the centrosome spindle fibers?

Answer 14

The fibers start to grow towards the chromosome the Dna turns to chromasomes and the nuclear membrane dissapears

Question 15

What grows out of the centrosomes?

Answer 15

Microtubules grow out of the centrosomes

Question 16

What protein does DNA super coil on to?

Answer 16

Wraps around histone proteins

Question 17

If we say a chromosome looks like the letter ‘H,’ what are the two long vertical segments? What is the horizontal bridge between the two long segments?

Answer 17

They are chromatids the bridge is the centromere

Question 18

How many chromosomes do chimpanzees have? Fruit Flies? Walking Catfish?

Answer 18

Chimpanzees have 48, Fruit flies have 8, and Walking Catfish have 42

Question 19

How do you know if a cell is in metaphase?

Answer 19

When chromosomes are aligned across the equatorial

Question 20

How do you know if a cell is in anaphase?

Answer 20

One sign is that the chromosomes are separating

Question 21

What happens during telophase to the chromosomes, nuclear membrane, centrosome spindle fibers, and the cell in general?

Answer 21

It begins to decondense and unwind chromosomes turn to dna spindle fibers dissapear and the membrane reapears

Question 22

What is the protein on the centromere that the microtubules attach to?

Answer 22

The protein is the kinetochore

Question 23

In animals, what is in the middle of a centrosome?

Answer 23

A Centriole

Question 24

What is the official name of a fertilized egg?

Answer 24

Its called a zygote

Question 25

What is the name of the 16 cell stage of embryogenesis after the fertilization of the egg cell?

Answer 25

they are morulas

Question 26

What do we call the 'hollow ball' of cells stage?

Answer 26

We call it the blastocyst

Question 27

What do we call the stage where all the cell tissues are present?

Answer 27

This is also called the Blastocyst stage mabye gastrulation

Question 28

What are the three tissue layers?

Answer 28

They are the Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis

Question 29

Distinguish what body parts are made of the outer, middle and inner tissues.

Answer 29

Outer: hair, nails, nervous system, and spinal cord Middle: muscle, bones, and connective tissue Inner: Liver, Pancreas, and Lungs

Question 30

How many changes do you have to make to a skin cell to reprogram it into a pluripotent stem cell?

Answer 30

Typically 4 changes

Question 31

Planaria have lots of stem cells. What type of stem cells are they?

Answer 31

They have lots of neoblasts

Question 32

How would you describe the regenerative abilities of a Planaria?

Answer 32

I can regenerate into a completely new organism

Question 33

What can you use to reprogram a Planaria to grow 2 heads instead of a tail?

Answer 33

You can alter bioelectric patterns

Question 34

What is the shape of DNA?

Answer 34

A double helix

Question 35

What does DNA stand for?

Answer 35

It stands for deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 36

What are the 4 nucleotides that make up DNA?

Answer 36

adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine

Question 37

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

Answer 37

Nitrogen base, pentose sugar, and a phosphate group

Question 38

What is Chargaff’s rule?

Answer 38

The amount of A = T and C = G

Question 39

What was the name of Franklin’s famous x-ray crystallography picture of DNA?

Answer 39

It was called photograph 51

Question 40

What was Crick’s contribution to the structure?

Answer 40

They proposed the double helix structure

Question 41

What does 'antiparallel' mean?

Answer 41

The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions

Question 42

What was Watson’s contribution?

Answer 42

He founded behaviorism

Question 43

How many H-bonds are between A and T? G and C?

Answer 43

There are 2 hydrogen bonds

Question 44

How many base pairs are there in the human genome?

Answer 44

3.2 billion base pairs

Question 45

What phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication take place?

Answer 45

It occurs during the S phase

Question 46

Explain why DNA doesn't actually replicate itself.

Answer 46

It needs the help of other molecules to replicate itself

Question 47

What enzyme opens up the strand?

Answer 47

It is called DNA helicase

Question 48

What do we call the opening of the strands?

Answer 48

We call it a fork

Question 49

What enzyme adds nucleotides?

Answer 49

The enzyme is DNA polymerase

Question 50

What is the one limitation to the enzyme that adds nucleotides?

Answer 50

It can only add nucleotides to an existing free 3'-OH group

Question 51

What does it mean to copy along the leading strand?

Answer 51

Synthesizing new DNA in the direction of the replication fork

Question 52

What does it mean to copy along the lagging strand?

Answer 52

Synthesizing new DNA in the opposite direction of the replication fork