cell cykeln

Question 1

GEF

Answer 1

Protein or protein domain that activates monomeric GTPases by stimulating the realese of guanosine diphosphate (GDP)

GEF stands for Guanine nucleotide exchange factors

Question 2

Ras

Answer 2

Gets “switched on” by GEF and then switches on other proteins

1st part of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascade

Question 3

Raf

Answer 3

Gets “switched on” and then switches on other proteins

2nd part of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascade

Question 4

MEK

Answer 4

Gets “switched on” and then switshes on other proteins

3rd part of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascade

Question 5

ERK

Answer 5

Gets “switched on” and then goes into the nucleus

4th (last) part of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascade

Question 6

Myc

Answer 6

All external signals (mitogens) converge on Myc. Myc is the start point of the rb pathway. which then leads to G1 cyclin expression.

Question 7

G1 cylin

Answer 7

G1 cyclin expression requires a mitogen. Allows the cell to enter the G1 phase (with cdk)

Question 8

Cdk

Answer 8

cyclin dependent kinase. Depends on a cylin to enter a cell cycle phase

Question 9

Rb

Answer 9

Sits on E2F until it gets phosphorylated and realeses E2F.

Question 10

E2F

Answer 10

When realesed by rb E2F has three ways it could go. It could go back to the G1/S phase and more complexes of rb and E2F can be realesed. It can initiate the S phase entry or it can create DNA polymerase (also used in s-phase)

Question 11

Cdk/G1/S

Answer 11

continue to phosphorylate rb so that it releases E2F

Question 12

cdk/s

Answer 12

phosphorylates cdc6 do that DNA replication can begin

Question 13

cdc6

Answer 13

Sits on ORC until it gets phosphorylated and initiated by the cdk/S

Question 14

ORC

Answer 14

ORC + mcm + replicosome will start DNA replication

Question 15

Mcm

Answer 15

Attaches to ORC when cdc6 gets phosphorylated. Starts DNA replication with replicosome

Question 16

Replicosome

Answer 16

carries out the replication of DNA

Question 17

ARF

Answer 17

looks for damaged “always on”.inhibits mdm2 from sitting on p53

If damage is found it will lead to p53 accumilation

Question 18

ATM

Answer 18

Looks for DNA damage. inhibits mdm2 from sitting on p53

If damage is found it will lead to p53 accumilation

Question 19

mdm2

Answer 19

Sits on p53 until either ATM or ARF are activated.

Question 20

p53

Answer 20

when DNA damage is found p53 will regulate the genes and decide if the cell will be repared or undergo apoptosis

Question 21

P13K

Answer 21

gets signal from RTK (SH2) and send signal to PIP2

Question 22

PIP2

Answer 22

sends signal to PIP3

Question 23

PIP3

Answer 23

sends signal to AKT

Question 24

PKB/AKT

Answer 24

inhibits function of p53 (apoptosis) which leads to cell growth

increased cell growth and survival

Question 25

PTEN

Answer 25

inhibits function of PI3K and therefore also PKB/akt

Question 26

SH2

Answer 26

sits on the phosphorylated RTK complex and sends signal to either GEF or PI3k

Question 27

lnk4

Answer 27

sends cell exit signals in G1 phase

Question 28

cdc25

Answer 28

activates cdk by removing phosphates. If cell is stopped in the G2/M checkpoint then cdc25 will be blocked.

Question 29

G2/M checkpoints

Answer 29

DNA replication stall DNA damage Insufficient cell size | leads to block of cdc25

Question 30

Cdk/M-cyclin

Answer 30

triggers G2 => M transition

Question 31

Prophase

Answer 31

spindle begins to form

Question 32

Prometaphase

Answer 32

spindle organizes the chromosomes

Question 33

Metaphase

Answer 33

spindle has caputured all chromosomes and lined them up

Question 34

Anaphase

Answer 34

Sister chromatid separation and they are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell

Question 35

Telophase

Answer 35

nearly done dividing and mititic spindle is broken down

Question 36

Cytokinesis

Answer 36

division of the cytoplasm

Question 37

anaphase/metaphase checkpoint

Answer 37

Spindle assembly checkpoint - spindle attachments to each one of ALL chromatids

Question 38

G1/S checkpoint

Answer 38

Cell density Mitogen/growth factor cdk + s cyclin is the control into the s-phase.

Question 39

nuclear lamina

Answer 39

fibrillar network inside of nucleus. It is composed of intermediate filaments. Regulates DNA replication and cell division. Also participates in chromatin organization (in prometaphase?).

Question 40

Autocrine

Answer 40

Cell sends out signal which is recived by a receptor on the same cell

Question 41

Paracrine

Answer 41

When a cell sends out a ligand which is recived by another cell

Question 42

Ligands on the cell surface

Answer 42

Ligands on the surface of one cell attaches to a receptor on another cell (contact dependent)

Question 43

Neuronal/synaptic

Answer 43

neirons communicate by synapses and send signals between synapses with ligands and receptors

Question 44

Endocrine

Answer 44

cells far away produces e.g. hormones which travels through the blood stream and to the destened cell where it attaches to a surface receptor

Question 45

Ran

Answer 45

small G-protein that is essential for translocation of RNA and proteins through the nuclear pore complex

Question 46

SCF

Answer 46

Takes cdc6 that has been ubiquitinated and lead it to its destruction!

Question 47

G1

Answer 47

growth preparation for DNA synthesis

Question 48

S-phase

Answer 48

DNA replication

Question 49

G2

Answer 49

Preparation for mitosis, growth

Question 50

Mitosis

Answer 50

separation of cell

Question 51

Adenylylcyclase

Answer 51

blir aktiverat av g-proteiner och skickar sedan signaler med hjälp av ATP till cAMP

Question 52

cAMP

Answer 52

cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Aktivates PKA

Question 53

PKA

Answer 53

regulates transcription (CREB) and regulates metabolism (glycogen breakdown)