Cell Death

Question 1

what are the three types of severe nuclear changes associated with cellular death?

Answer 1

pyknosis
karyorrhexis
karyolysis

Question 2

what is pyknosis?

Answer 2

severe condensation of chromatin
basophilia

Question 3

what is karyorrhexis?

Answer 3

nuclear fragmentation of pyknotic nucleus

Question 4

what is karyolysis?

Answer 4

nuclear dissolution
swollen

Question 5

what are the six parts of irreversible injury?

Answer 5

increased cell swelling
disruption lysosomes
breaking of membranes (mitochondria and cellular)
detachments of ribosomes from rER
cytoplasmic blebs
severe nuclear changes

Question 6

what are key parts of a cell moving from injury to irreversible?

Answer 6

ischemia
disruption intracellular calcium
switch to glycolysis

Question 7

are there histologic changes with acute cell death?

Answer 7

not necessarily

Question 8

what are the cytoplasmic changes associated with necrosis?

Answer 8

swelling
fragmentation
hypereosinophilia

Question 9

what do necrotic cells do histologically?

Answer 9

increased eosinophilia in cytoplasm
lose adherence with adjacent cells
can calcify

Question 10

what happens in coagulative necrosis?

Answer 10

denaturation of proteins
cellular architecture retained

Question 11

what is coagulative necrosis usually due to (physiologic states)?

Answer 11

hypoxia
ischemia
acute toxicity

Question 12

what is the gross appearance of coagulative necrosis?

Answer 12

pale tan-gray, sharply demarcated, solid

Question 13

what happens in liquefactive necrosis?

Answer 13

necrotic debris converted into fluid phase- no tissue architecture
loss gross or histologic tissue architecture

Question 14

what type of necrosis is typical of focal bacterial or fungal infections?

Answer 14

liquefactive necrosis

Question 15

what type(s) of necrosis occur in the CNS?

Answer 15

liquefactive only

Question 16

what is caseous necrosis typical of?

Answer 16

Mycobacterium tuberculosis/bovis or related bacteria

Question 17

what is the necrotic debris of caseous necrosis composed of?

Answer 17

dead white blood cells, poorly degraded lipids

Question 18

true/false: caseous necrosis is often walled off with a ring of fibrous tissue and/or macrophages

Answer 18

true

Question 19

what are the types of fat necrosis?

Answer 19

pancreatic
nutritional
traumatic
idiopathic

Question 20

what are the two types of gangrenous necrosis?

Answer 20

dry and wet

Question 21

what is dry gangrenous necrosis?

Answer 21

coagulation necrosis and mummification
extremities

Question 22

what is wet gangrenous necrosis from?

Answer 22

invasion/putrefaction of necrotic tissue from saprophytic bacteria

Question 23

where does wet gangrenous necrosis develop?

Answer 23

tissues that retain moisture and warmth

Question 24

where is fibrinoid necrosis seen?

Answer 24

vascular walls

Question 25

what are the possible causes of fibrinoid necrosis?

Answer 25

infectious noninfectious (immune mediated...) shock

Question 26

what happens to the plasma membrane in apoptosis?

Answer 26

it remains intact

Question 27

what clears apoptotic cell fragments?

Answer 27

phagocytes

Question 28

is there inflammation with apoptosis?

Answer 28

no

Question 29

what initiates apoptosis in cancer?

Answer 29

tumor suppressor gene p53 in response to damage mutations in p53 lead to cancer

Question 30

what is the appearance of an apoptotic cell?

Answer 30

single cell or small cluster cell shrinkage chromatin condensation formation cytoplasmic blebs and apoptotic bodies

Question 31

what is part of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis?

Answer 31

mitochondrial: cytochrome c, protein misfolding proteins that maintain mitochondrial permeability

Question 32

what pathway to apoptosis involves a death ligand and receptor?

Answer 32

extrinsic apoptotic pathway

Question 33

what are the nuclear characteristics of necrosis?

Answer 33

pyknosis karyorrhexis karyolysis

Question 34

what are the nuclear characteristics of apoptosis?

Answer 34

pyknosis karyorrhexis

Question 35

what are the general features of necrosis?

Answer 35

inflammation unless hyperacute loss of adherence nuclear changes calcification cytoplasmic changes

Question 36

where is coagulative necrosis classically seen?

Answer 36

kidney liver muscle

Question 37

what is liquefactive necrosis mediated by?

Answer 37

inflammatory cell enzymes neutrophils, macrophages

Question 38

what is pancreatic fat necrosis?

Answer 38

pancreatic enzymes cause release of fatty acids from dying adipocytes

Question 39

what causes nutritional fat necrosis?

Answer 39

vitamin E deficiency

Question 40

what type of necrosis is dry gangrenous necrosis?

Answer 40

coagulative

Question 41

what is autophagy?

Answer 41

when a cell digests its own organelles

Question 42

what is it called when necrotic debris calcifies (especially in caseous necrosis)?

Answer 42

dystrophic calcification

Question 43

dry gangrenous necrosis develops in extremities that have undergone ____________________, i.e. frostbite, fescue toxicity

Answer 43

coagulation necrosis

Question 44

how is necrosis healed?

Answer 44

complete restitution or fibrosis

Question 45

what can pathologic apoptosis be from?

Answer 45

radiation anti-neoplastic drugs viruses cell death in tumors misfolded proteins DNA damage

Question 46

what nuclear change is unique to necrosis?

Answer 46

karyolysis is only in necrosis, not in apoptosis