Cell Death

Question 1

what is apoptosis

Answer 1

a way in which our cells can kills themselves without causing damage to nearby tissue and no inflammation

Question 2

what is one of the most dangerous things in the body and has severe consequences

Answer 2

inflammation

Question 3

what are hallmarks of apoptosis

Answer 3

1. the cell membrane shows irregular buds known as blebs
2. the cell breaks apart into multiple vesicles called apoptotic bodies, which are then phageocytosed
3. cell shrinkage and rounding because of the breakdown of the cytoskeleton
4. the cytoplasm appears dense, and the organelles appear tightly packed
5. chromatin undergoes condensation into compact patches against the nuclear envelope
6. the nuclear envelope becomes discontinuous and then DNA inside it is fragmented

Question 4

ATP11C is a

Answer 4

flippase

Question 5

Xkr8 is a

Answer 5

scramblase

Question 6

during apoptosis the PS is no longer restricted to the

Answer 6

cytosolic side by flippase

Question 7

PS is a tag for

Answer 7

macrophages to “eat” the cell

Question 8

scramblases do what during apoptosis

Answer 8

catalyzes the rapid exchange of PS between the two sides

Question 9

what is an annexin

Answer 9

family of calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins

Question 10

where does annexin bind and why

Answer 10

to PS to identify apoptotic cells

Question 11

what is necrosis

Answer 11

cell death

Question 12

necrosis is a result of

Answer 12

trauma

Question 13

what happens to PM during necrosis

Answer 13

breaks and contents leak out and adjacent tissues become inflamed

Question 14

apop or necro: loss of membrane integrity

Answer 14

necrosis

Question 15

apop or necro: no inflammation

Answer 15

apoptosis

Question 16

apop or necro: passive process

Answer 16

necrosis

Question 17

apop or necro: swelling of mitochondria and cytoplasm

Answer 17

necrosis

Question 18

apop or necro: induced by physiological stimuli

Answer 18

apoptosis

Question 19

apop or necro: blebbing of membrane with no loss of integrity

Answer 19

apoptosis

Question 20

apoptosis can be initiated from

Answer 20

the outside or inside of the cell

Question 21

both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways activate

Answer 21

caspase enzymes

Question 22

what is an inactive caspase called

Answer 22

procaspase

Question 23

caspases mean

Answer 23

cysteine in active site; cleave after aspartic acid residues

Question 24

caspases are made inactive and later

Answer 24

turned on

Question 25

what is the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis mediated by

Answer 25

fas receptor bound by fas ligand

Question 26

BAX, BID, BAD, BIM, Puma, Noxa are anti or pro

Answer 26

pro-apoptotic

Question 27

Bcl-2 and BCL-XL are anti or pro

Answer 27

anti-apoptotic

Question 28

IAP is

Answer 28

inhibitors of apoptosis proteins

Question 29

SMAC and DIABLO are

Answer 29

pro-apoptotic

Question 30

intrinsic pathway involves

Answer 30

cytochrome C release from mitochondria

Question 31

what inhibits cytochrome c from being released

Answer 31

BA

Question 32

what regulates intrinsic apoptosis

Answer 32

Bcl-2

Question 33

SMAC is a

Answer 33

second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase

Question 34

DIABLO is a

Answer 34

direct IAP binding protein with low pI

Question 35

the extrinsic pathway also activated the

Answer 35

intrinsic pathway

Question 36

how does the extrinsic pathway activate the intrinsic pathway

Answer 36

by activating BAX and BAK

Question 37

by activating BAX and BAK you are tipping

Answer 37

the balance towards pro-apoptosis

Question 38

why does in the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway occur together

Answer 38

to ensure apoptosis occurs

Question 39

apoptosis is very important for

Answer 39

immune system specificity

Question 40

apoptosis is not just required for

Answer 40

damaged cells

Question 41

in early embryonic development fingers and toes were webbed but later on

Answer 41

apoptosis removed cells for webbing