Cell Death and Perfusion Disorders II

Question 1

what is a thrombus

Answer 1

blood clot

Question 2

what is an embolus

Answer 2

piece of free-floating foreign material in the blood

Question 3

thromboembolus

Answer 3

an embolus derived from a thrombus

Question 4

watershed area

Answer 4

a region of the body that receives dual blood supply from the distal branches of two large arteries

Question 5

end-artery

Answer 5

an artery that is the only supply of oxygenated blood to a portion of a tissue

Question 6

examples of tissues that receive end-artery supply

Answer 6

regions of kidney, spleen, liver, intestine, heart, brain

Question 7

sequela

Answer 7

condition that is a consequence of a previous disease or injury

Question 8

amorphous

Answer 8

no clearly defined shape or form

Question 9

what percentage of body weight is water

Answer 9

60%

Question 10

what is the distribution of water in the intracellular and extracellular environment

Answer 10

2/3 intra
1/3 extra

Question 11

what is the distribution of plasma and interstitial fluid

Answer 11

80% interstitial; 20% plasma

Question 12

causes of edema (4)

Answer 12

1. increased MICROvascular permeability
2. increased hydrostatic pressure inside vessels
3. decreased oncotic pressure inside vessels
4. decreased lymphatic drainage

Question 13

causes of increased HP inside vessels

Answer 13

hyperemia or congestion

Question 14

causes of decreased OP inside vessels

Answer 14

decreased production of or excessive loss of albumin

Question 15

gross morphology of edema

Answer 15

swelling of tissues; extra fluid in a cavity; can be clear or yellow

Question 16

histologic morphology of edema

Answer 16

amorphous, pale eosinophilic fluid

Question 17

how does pulmonary edema appear

Answer 17

foamy

Question 18

edema in the chest cavity is called

Answer 18

hydrothorax

Question 19

edema in the abdominal cavity is called

Answer 19

ascites

Question 20

what region of tissue will get edema first

Answer 20

subcutaneous layer (takes path of least resistance)

Question 21

what are two consequences of edema

Answer 21

fibrosis and compression of the organs in the space the fluid occupies

Question 22

severity of edema depends on (2)

Answer 22

duration and location

Question 23

what is hyperemia

Answer 23

increase in blood supply to an organ or tissue

Question 24

what does hyperemia indicate

Answer 24

an adaptive circulatory response (increased oxygen demand, inflammation, heat dissipation)

Question 25

clinically what is hyperemia important

Answer 25

it indicates an underlying condition (ex. why we check the sclera of an animal for redness)

Question 26

what is congestion

Answer 26

accumulation of blood in a vascular bed die to reduced or obstructed OUTFLOW

Question 27

what is an example of congestion that is an artifact and not a significant finding

Answer 27

hypostatic congestion

Question 28

are arteries or veins the first to get congested in intestinal torsion

Answer 28

veins (thinner walled)

Question 29

congestion in the intestines due to torsion would cause what pattern

Answer 29

segmental

Question 30

how does right sided heart failure cause ischemic necrosis in the liver

Answer 30

right-sided heart failure -> congestion in systemic circulation -> elevated central venous pressure -> congestion in zone 3 -> ischemic necrosis

Question 31

what pattern does ischemic necrosis in the liver cause

Answer 31

zonal (nutmeg liver)

Question 32

how does left-sided heart failure impact the lungs

Answer 32

left-sided heart failure -> congestion in lung circulation -> blood accumulates in alveoli -> RBC breakdown in alveoli -> pigments accumulate in macrophages (ex. hemoglobin)

Question 33

what does congestion predispose to (3)

Answer 33

thrombosis (due to abnormal blood flow), edema (due to increased HP), tissue hypoxia (dilution of oxygenated blood entering tissue since deoxygenated blood cannot leave)

Question 34

what is involved in hemostasis (3)

Answer 34

endothelial cells, platelets, coagulation factors

Question 35

what conditions are caused by altered hemostasis

Answer 35

hemorrhage or thrombosis(2)

Question 36

what is hemorrhage

Answer 36

extravasation of blood

Question 37

gross appearance of hemorrhage

Answer 37

free blood in space or cavity; appears bright red to red-blue in tissue and does not conform to a vascular pattern

Question 38

does congestion conform to a vascular pattern

Answer 38

yes! (how you can tell whether it is congestion or hemorrhage)

Question 39

histologic appearance of hemorrhage

Answer 39

RBCs outside of blood vessels; may see macrophages breaking them down

Question 40

hemorrhage that is 1-2 mm is called ___________ whereas hemorrhage that is 1-2 cm is called __________

Answer 40

petechiae; ecchymoses

Question 41

a palpable mass of hemorrhage is called

Answer 41

hemotoma

Question 42

a pattern created by some forms of hemorrhage is

Answer 42

paintbrush

Question 43

hemopericardium can cause

Answer 43

cardiac tamponade

Question 44

a black mass of clotted blood indicates

Answer 44

exposure to acids (ex. bleeding ulcers in the stomach due to erosion of the mucosa)

Question 45

localized and/or slow hemorrhage causes (2)

Answer 45

hematoma; anemia

Question 46

widespread and/or fast hemorrhage causes (4)

Answer 46

anemia; decreased perfusion; shock; death

Question 47

what is virchow’s triad

Answer 47

predisposing factors to thrombosis:
1. abnormal blood flow
2. endothelial injury
3. hypercoagulability

Question 48

name 2 causes of hypercoagulability

Answer 48

enhanced platelet activity, increased clotting factor activation

Question 49

name 2 causes of abnormal blood flow

Answer 49

aneurysm, cardiac disease, local stasis, hypovolemia

Question 50

name 2 causes of endothelial injury

Answer 50

toxins (ex. endotoxin), viruses, bacteria

Question 51

sequela of thromboembolism

Answer 51

sepsis if infected; distant infarction

Question 52

name 4 fates of a thrombus

Answer 52

lysis, incorporation, recanalization, embolization