Cell Differentiation And Cycle Flashcards
(23 cards)
Link structure of xylem to function
Xylem are dead , long and hollow and strengthened with lignin which helps them transport water around the cell.
Structure of phloem and how is it specialised to their function
Phloem cells have sieve plates at junction of one cell to the next and have companion cells with lots of mitochondria to help release energy needed in the movement of molecules
Whats differentiation
differentiation is the process by which a cell changes and becomes specialized to perform a specific function in the body
Differentiation differences in animal and plant cells
1Plant cells can de- differentiate and re differentiate , animal cells cannot . 2 Plants can differentiate whenever they want animals only differentiate at young .3 Plants only differentiate mainly in meristems where as in animal cells it happens throughout the cell
Whats a chromosome and how many are in hum,an body
A chromosome is a long structure made from DNA and proteins storing genetic material , 46 are found in every human body cell , 23 pairs
Define Gene
A gene is a section of DNA that controls a specific characteristic or trait
What happens in interphase ( stage 1 of cell cycle )
Replication of DNA
Two copies of chromosomes
Sub cellular structures made
What happens in stage 2 , mitosis , of the cell cycle
Nucleus divides into two identical copies
Chromatids separate
Chromosomes line up on equator then half and half pulled to each end of the cell
Cell cycle , stage 3 , cytokinesis
Cell divides into two after cell membrane and cytoplasm split forming two identical cells
Why is mitosis important for growth in multicellular organisms
produces new, identical cells. This allows the organism to grow by increasing the number of cells and also helps replace damaged or dead cells, ensuring that tissues and organs can function properly.
Stem cell def
A stem cell is an unspecialized cell that can divide and develop into different types of specialized cells in the body through differentiation
Potential use of human embryonic stem cells
Human embryonic stem cells could potentially be used for treating injuries, developing regenerative therapies, testing new medications, understanding diseases, and creating organs for transplantation.
Describe the potential use of ‘human adult stem cells’ such as ‘adult bone marrow
Human adult stem cells, such as those in bone marrow, can regenerate blood cells, repair damaged tissues, enhance immune response in chemotherapy patients, and develop regenerative therapies
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Describe the potential use of ‘meristem tissue in plants
Meristem tissue in plants can be used for cloning new plants, rapid propagation, genetic modification, studying growth, and conserving endangered species.
Therapeutic cloning
Therapeutic cloning creates tissues or organs using a patient’s own cells to produce embryonic stem cells, which can develop into specific cell types for treatment, minimizing the risk of immune rejection since the donor’s nucleus is replaced with the recipient’s nucleus.
3 advantages if therapeutic cloning
Can be used to treat disease
Reduce waiting time for organ transplants
Cells produced could be used for research
3 disadvantages of therapeutic cloning
Egg collection has risks
Potential life is killed
Shortage of egg donors
Reason why we would clone mammals
Medial research on diseases and test treatments or agriculture , producing genetically higher milk and meat yielding animals is more profitable
Why would we clone plants with special features
For preservation , multiplying the number of plants disease resistant to a certain disease .
Pluripotent human stem cell
These cells can develop into any type of cell in the body other than placenta cells or other embryos supporting cells
Totipotent stem cells
Most powerful stem cells can differentiate into any type of bodily cell , even embryo supporting cells
Multipotent stem cells
Cells are more specialised and develop into a limited range of cell types related to their tissue of origin
Differentiation
Process by which a stem cell develops into a more specialised cell with more specific functions
