Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

cell bio > cell division > Flashcards

cell division Flashcards

1
Q

what is the phase of the cell growth cycle in which the cell spends most of its time in?

A

interphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Once the cell has grown enough, it begins to replicate its DNA in the _ phase

A

S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how does the cell prepare itself for division through?

A

mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how does the cell split itself into daughter cells through?

A

cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the cycle of growth and division called?

A

cell cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the 4 phases of the cell cycle?

A

G1
S
G2
M

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what phases encompass interphase?

A

G1
S
G2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what phase occurs right after mitosis?

A

G1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the purpose of the G1 phase?

A

acts as a gap for the cell before needing to replicate its DNA and prepare again for cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the S phase know for?

A

synthesis of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what happens during the S phase?

A

cell doubles its DNA in preparation for division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the gap between the S and M phase?

A

G2 phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the M phase?

A

mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the G0 phase?

A

cell becomes senescent, cell doesn’t grow or synthesize more DNA and remains “asleep” until it rejoins the cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the restriction point?

A

cell cycle checkpoint that occurs in G1 of the cell cycle in animal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The “commitment” step of this restriction point involves the formation of ___________________ that allow the cell to move on to the next phase.

A

cyclin/CDK complexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what cyclin/CDK complexes form in the G1 phase?

A

S-phase cyclin complexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what cyclin/CDK complexes form in the G2 phase?

A

M-phase cyclin/CDK complexes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

which checkpoint prevents the cell from going into mitosis before DNA synthesis has been completed?

A

unreplicated DNA checkpoint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what checkpoint makes sure that the newly replicated DNA has maintained its integrity?

A

G2 DNA-damage checkpoint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

in which phase is there a spindle assembly and chromosome segregation checkpoint?

A

M phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the purpose of cyclin/CDK complexes?

A

proteins come together and form a functional enzyme that can then modify downstream target proteins, helping the cell progress through the cell cycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

list the cyclins and CDKs associated with the G1 phase

A

cyclin D
CDK 4
CDK 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

list the cyclins and CDKs associated with the S phase

A

cyclin E
cyclin A
CDK 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
list the cyclins and CDKs associated with the G2 phase
cyclin A CDK 1
26
list the cyclins and CDKs associated with the M phase
cyclin B CDK 1
27
what is the purpose of tumor suppressors?
proteins that prevent the unregulated growth/division of cells by promoting apoptosis, inhibiting cell growth, or maintaining DNA
28
what are the two categories the tumor suppressor proteins can be divided into
caretakers and gatekeepers
29
which category of tumor suppressor proteins make sure that the genome remains stable through DNA repair?
caretakers
30
which category of tumor suppressor proteins regulate cell growth by inhibiting cell cycle progression?
gatekeepers
31
what tumor suppressor protein prevents the progression of the cell from G1 to S?
Retinoblastoma protein (Rb)
32
when is Rb active?
resting cells remaining in G1
33
what state is Rb in when it's active?
hypophosphorylated (no phosphate attached)
34
When the cell is ready to progress to S from G1, we will have an increased presence of what cyclins and CDK?
cyclin D CDK 4 CDK6
35
what enzyme adds more phosphate groups to Rb?
kinases
36
what state is the Rb in when it is inactive?
hyperphosphorylated (many phosphates added)
37
When Rb is inactive, it will cause it to dissociate from what protein?
E2F
38
what does E2F do?
activate gene expression of cyclins E and A for progression into the S phase
39
what tumor suppressor protein is a caretaker protein and called "the guardian of the genome"?
p53
40
what is the purpose of p53?
ensures that DNA's integrity is maintained
41
If p53 notices any DNA damage, it arrests the cell in the ____ checkpoint and activates DNA repair mechanisms.
G1/S
42
how does p53 arrest the cell?
CDK inhibitor p21
43
If p53 recognizes that this DNA damage cannot be repaired, it activates apoptosis by inducing the transcription of the protein ___, which induces apoptosis.
BAX
44
what is retinoblastoma?
childhood cancer that occurs due to a mutation in the Rb gene which is located on chromosome 13
45
what can happen when tumor suppressor genes lose their function due to a mutation?
cause cancer
46
what must happen for cancer to develop by having a mutated tumor suppressor gene?
both genes must have a loss of function
47
why is retinoblastoma considered a familial cancer?
most children inherit one defective Rb allele from a parent who is a carrier
48
what is the two hit hypothesis?
- once the second Rb gene is mutated, they will develop this cancer - in order to develop cancers due to loss of function of a tumor suppressor gene, you must have two hits on the tumor suppressor gene (losing function in both genes)
49
what are symptoms of retinoblastoma?
leukocoria (abnormal white retina appearance) loss of vision glaucoma cross-eyed vision
50
what is mitosis
process of cell division to create an identical daughter cell
51
list the different phases of mitosis in order
prophase prometaphase metaphase anaphase telophase cytokinesis
52
which mitosis phase involves condensation of the replicated DNA into chromosomes?
prophase
53
during prophase, because the DNA has duplicated in the S phase, each chromosome will consist of two sister chromatids that are joined together by a _______.
centromere
54
during prophase, microtubules in the cytoskeleton aggregate around ________, which are the microtubule-organizing centers, which will be used as part of the ___________
centrosomes mitotic spindle
55
what is the start of prometaphase characterized by?
breakdown of the nuclear envelope where the spindle can then enter the nuclear area
56
during prometaphase, what are the structure that begin to develop on the centromeres of the chromosomes?
kinetochores
57
during prometaphase, what do the kinetochores attach to?
kinetochore microtubules
58
what is metaphase characterized by?
where the chromosomes are lined up in the middle of the cell
59
how are the alignment of chromosomes done during metaphase?
kinetochore microtubules and motor proteins
60
what happens during anaphase?
chromosomes separate into chromatids that go to opposite poles of the cell
61
which phase is faster, anaphase or metaphase?
anaphase
62
what happens during telophase?
the separated sister chromatids arrive at the opposite poles and the kinetochore microtubules begin to disappear
63
what happens during cytokinesis?
cells separate to make two new daughter cells
64
what phase does cleavage occur?
cytokinesis
65
how is a cleavage furrow created?
contractile ring of actin filaments, and it gradually becomes deeper and deeper until both sides reach the remaining mitotic spindle that is still present between the two new nuclei

cell bio (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions