cell division

Question 1

a section of the DNA that for a particular physical characteristic (trait)

Answer 1

gene

Question 2

the collection of genes that an individual carries in their cells

Answer 2

genome

Question 3

DNA tightly coiled during cell division

Answer 3

chromosomes

Question 4

A massive, uncoiled, DNA and associated proteins

Answer 4

chromatin

Question 5

(body cells) have two copies of each chromosome

Answer 5

somatic cells

Question 6

(Reproductive cells: sperm/egg) have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells

Answer 6

gametes

Question 7

The process of division of a cell nucleus. Produces two daughter cells genetically identical to the parent cell.

Answer 7

mitosis

Question 8

Division of the rest of the cell contents

Answer 8

cytokinesis

Question 9

Chromatin coils, tightly to form chromosomes, duplicate chromosomes appear as paired sister chromatids attached to the centromere, Nuclear membrane disintegrates, and spindle fibers form.

Answer 9

prophase

Question 10

Chromosomes lined up on the equator of the cell.

Answer 10

metaphase (middle)

Question 11

Spindle fibers pull apart sister chromatids, which begin to move to opposite ends of the cell.

Answer 11

anaphase

Question 12

The cell begins to divide into two, chromosomes uncoil, nucleus reforms, and spindle apparatus disassembles.

Answer 12

telophase

Question 13

Produces offspring with the genetic material of one pair only, offsprings genuinely identical to parent. Common in plants, single celled organisms, fungi, and some animals.

Answer 13

asexual reproduction

Question 14

Cell division, that leads to the production of gametes.

Answer 14

Meiosis

Question 15

Combination of genetic material from different individuals

Answer 15

Sexual reproduction

Question 16

A cell with one copy of each gene

Answer 16

Diploid

Question 17

Same size and function

Answer 17

Homologus pair

Question 18

Do not belong to the same pair

Answer 18

nonhomologous chromosomes

Question 19

cell that has pairs of homologous chromosomes, 1 from each parent

Answer 19

Diploid cells

Question 20

Homologous pairs at equator, homologous split, (reduction, division)

Answer 20

Meiosis one

Question 21

Sister chromatids, lineup duplicates split

Answer 21

Meiosis two

Question 22

homologous chromosomes pair up (tetrad), nuclear membrane dissolves

Answer 22

meiosis one: prophase one

Question 23

Areas where homologous chromosomes crossover one another

Answer 23

chiasm

Question 24

Physical exchange of parts of non-sister, chromatids, produces recombinant chromosomes, and adds genetic variability.

Answer 24

meiosis one: crossing over

Question 25

When homologous chromosomes exchange, genetic material through the process, called chromosomal crossover. Can result in different combinations of genes than the parents.

Answer 25

recombinant chromosomes

Question 26

Homologous pairs, line up at the center of the cell, look like a bundle of four sticks called tetrads

Answer 26

meiosis one: metaphase one

Question 27

homologous chromosomes separate and are pulled to opposite sides of the cell

Answer 27

meiosis one: anaphase one

Question 28

Daughter cells separate, each new nucleus is now haploid, and sister chromatids are not necessarily identical, because of crossing over

Answer 28

Meiosis one: telophase one

Question 29

a. Produces two cells identical to each other. b. Produces haploid cells that are not identical to each other. this is from crossover and random alignment. match: meiosis & mitosis

Answer 29

a. mitosis b. meiosis

Question 30

Version of a gene, most genes have two or more variance that can describe the same trait. Example: purple flowers vs white flowers.

Answer 30

Allele

Question 31

Only way to get the same type of offspring from the parent, because they only have one

Answer 31

true breeding

Question 32

The variation of a gene that is always expressed if it is present. Denoted by a capital letter.

Answer 32

dominant

Question 33

A gene variant that is only expressed if there are two copies. Denoted by a lowercase letter.

Answer 33

recessive

Question 34

Having two copies of the same allele. example: BB/bb

Answer 34

homozygous

Question 35

having two different alleles for a gene. example: Bb

Answer 35

Heterozygous

Question 36

Genetic make up of an organism (set of alleles)

Answer 36

genotype

Question 37

Physical expression of the genes

Answer 37

Phenotype

Question 38

P is what

Answer 38

Parental generation

Question 39

F 1 is what

Answer 39

Hybrid offspring

Question 40

F 2 is what

Answer 40

Offspring of F1 generation

Question 41

When multiple genes control a single trait, the common phenotype is an accumulation of contributions by multiple genes. These traits show continuous variation.

Answer 41

Polygenic inheritance

Question 42

One allele has more than one affect on the phenotype

Answer 42

pleiotropy

Question 43

dominant allele doesn't completely suppress the recessive, so an intermediate phenotype is expressed

Answer 43

Incomplete dominant

Question 44

Both alleles are expressed in the heterozygous, and the phenotype has characteristics of each

Answer 44

Codominance

Question 45

Expression of one gene alters the expression of a second gene

Answer 45

epistasis

Question 46

Abnormal chromosome number in the gamete, resulting from pairs of homologous chromosomes that do not separate normally during meiosis.

Answer 46

Nondisjunction

Question 47

an abnormal number of a particular chromosome

Answer 47

aneuploidy

Question 48

Having more than two complete sets of chromosomes

Answer 48

polyploidy

Question 49

triploid

Answer 49

3n

Question 50

tetraploid

Answer 50

4n

Question 51

Environmental or lifestyle factors can modulate gene expression, turning genes off or on.

Answer 51

epigenetic

Question 52

Mitochondria and chloroplast are copied as cells need more energy. have their own separate DNA.

Answer 52

extranuclear genes