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×Biology 1 > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

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1
Q

cell division

A

reproduction at cellular level

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2
Q

purposes of cell division

A

reproduction of single-celled organisms

growth of multicellular organisms

repair and replacement of damaged cells

development of embryo

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3
Q

chromatin

A

material of which chromosomes of eukaryotes are composed

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4
Q

behavior of chromatin before cell division

A

becomes highly compact and visible with microscope

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5
Q

cell cycle

A

ordered sequence of events that extends from time cell is first formed from dividing parent cell until its own division

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6
Q

stages of cell cycle

A

interphase

prophase

metaphase

anaphase

telophase

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7
Q

interphase

A

active phase in life of cell where cell does its job

longest stage of cell cycle

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8
Q

phases of interphase

A

growth 1 (G1)

synthesis (S)

growth 2 (G2)

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9
Q

(phases of interphase)

events during growth 1 (G1)

A

growth

metabolism

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10
Q

(phases of interphase)

events during synthesis (S)

A

DNA replication

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11
Q

(phases of interphase)

events during growth 2 (G2)

A

growth

metabolism

formation of microtubules

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12
Q

mitosis

A

process of dividing 1 diploid cell into 2 genetically identical diploid daughter cells

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13
Q

stages of mitosis

A

prophase

metaphase

anaphase

telophase

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14
Q

cells which undergo mitosis

A

diploid (somatic) eukaryotic cells

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15
Q

(stages of mitosis)

prophase

A

phase of mitosis in which chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids and nuclear envelope disappears

1st stage of mitosis

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16
Q

(stages of mitosis)

metaphase

A

phase of mitosis in which chromosomes line up in middle of cell and become attached to spindle fibers

2nd stage of mitosis

longest stage of mitosis

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17
Q

metaphase plate

A

plane or region that is approximately equidistant from 2 poles of dividing cell

site where chromosomes align during metaphase

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18
Q

(stages of mitosis)

anaphase

A

phase of mitosis in which chromosomes split to opposite poles of spindle

3rd stage of mitosis

shortest stage of mitosis

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19
Q

(stages of mitosis)

telophase

A

phase in mitosis in which chromosomes move to opposite ends of cell and two nuclei are formed

4th stage of mitosis

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20
Q

cytokinesis

A

cytoplasmic division of cell at end of mitosis or meiosis

brings about separation into two daughter cells

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21
Q

process of cytokinesis in animal cells

A

pinching in of cell membrane at cleavage furrows

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22
Q

process of cytokinesis in plant cells

A

formation of cell plate between nuclei

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23
Q

factors which control cell division

A

presence of essential nutrients

growth factors (proteins that stimulate division)

density-dependent inhibition

anchorage dependence

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24
Q

anchorage dependence

A

need for cells to be in contact with solid surface to divide

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25
cell cycle control system
cycling set of molecules in cell that triggers and coordinates key events in cell cycle
26
functions of checkpoints in cell cycle
stoping events signaling events to proceed
27
3 major checkpoints in cell cycle
G1 G2 M
28
functions of G1 checkpoint in cell cycle
allowing entry unto S phase causing cell to leave cycle (and entering a nondividing G0 phase)
29
cyclin
group of proteins that ensure cell tasks are performed as correct time and cell only moves to next stage when appropriate
30
4 main cyclins
cyclin D cyclin E cyclin A cyclin B
31
tumor
abnormally growing mass of body cells
32
benign tumor
tumor which remains at original site
33
malignant tumor
tumor which metastisizes
34
metastasis
spreading of tumor to other locations
35
sex chromosome
chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism
36
autosome
chromosome that does not determine sex
37
number of pairs of autosomes in eukaryotic cells
22 pairs
38
homologous chromosomes
chromosomes which are matched in length, centromere position, and gene locations
39
locus
position of gene
40
diploid cell somatic cell
cell with 2 homologous sets of chromosomes (1 chromosome of each pair from each parent)
41
haploid cell gamete
cell with 1 set of chromosomes (from 1 parent)
42
fertilization
union of sperm and egg production of zygote
43
zygote
diploid cell resulting from fusion of two haploid gametes
44
meiosis
process of dividing 1 diploid cell into 4 haploid daughter cells
45
meiosis I
first round of cell division in meiosis wherein homologous pairs are separated
46
meiosis II
second round of cell division in meiosis wherein sister chromatids are separated
47
timing of meiosis II
before DNA replication gets to occur
48
stages of meiosis
prophase I metaphase I anaphase I telophase I prophase II metaphase II anaphase II telophase II
49
# (stages of meiosis) prophase I
phase of meiosis in which chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids and nuclear envelope disappears involves synapsis 1st stage of meiosis
50
synapsis
fusion of chromosome pairs at start of meiosis
51
bivalent tetrad
pair of homologous chromosomes
52
# (stages of meiosis) metaphase I
phase of meiosis in which chromosomes line up in middle of cell and become attached to spindle fibers 2nd stage of meiosis
53
# (stages of meiosis) anaphase I
phase of meiosis in which chromosomes split to opposite poles of spindle 3rd stage of meiosis
54
# (stages of meiosis) telophase I
phase in meiosis in which chromosomes move to opposite ends of cell and 2 new haploid cells are formed 4th stage of meiosis
55
# (stages of meiosis) prophase II
phase of meiosis in which chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids and nuclear envelopes disappear 5th stage of meiosis
56
# (stages of meiosis) metaphase II
phase of meiosis in which chromosomes line up in middle of cells and become attached to spindle fibers 6th stage of meiosis
57
# (stages of meiosis) anaphase II
phase of meiosis in which sister chromatids split to opposite poles of spindles 7th stage of meiosis
58
# (stages of meiosis) telophase II
phase in meiosis in which sister chromatids move to opposite ends of cells and 4 new haploid cells are formed 8th stage of meiosis
59
genetic recombination
production of new combinations of genes caused by crossing over
60
crossing over
exchange of corresponding segments between separate (non-sister) chromatids on homologous chromosomes
61
chiasma
site of attachment and crossing over on chromatids
62
karyogram karyotype
ordered display of magnified images of one's chromosomes arranged in pairs
63
function of karyograms
observation of homologous chromosome pairs observation of chromosome numbers observation of chromosome structure
64
trisomy 21 Down syndrome
3 sets of chromosome 21
65
symptoms of trisomy 21 symptoms of Down syndrome
mental retardation characteristic facial features short stature heart defects susceptibility to respiratory infections, leukemia, and Alzheimer's disease shortened life span
66
nondisjunction
failure of chromosomes or chromatids to separate normally during meiosis
67
effect of nondisjunction
formation of zygotes with altered numbers of chromosomes

×Biology 1 (8 decks)

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