Cell Division, Cell Diversity and Cellular Organisation

Question 1

What occurs in the M phase of interphase?

Answer 1

Checkpoint chemical triggers condensation of chromatin

Question 2

What happens in the G1 phase?

Answer 2

Chemical ensures cell is prepared for S phase and DNA synthesis

Question 3

What occurs in the S phase of interphase?

Answer 3

DNA is replicated

Question 4

Describe the events of the G2 phase of interphase

Answer 4

Proteins involved in chromosome condensation stimulated

Question 5

Give some events that occur during the G1 phase of interphase

Answer 5

• Cells grow
• Transcription/Translation
• Replication of Organelles
• Biosynthesis

Question 6

State 2 events that occur in the S phase

Answer 6

• DNA replicates
• Chromatids form

Question 7

Name some events that occur in the G2 phase of interphase

Answer 7

• Cells grow again
• Chromosome repairs
• Transcription/Translation

Question 8

State 3 things mitosis is essential for

Answer 8

• Asexual reproduction
• Growth
• Tissue repair

Question 9

Name the 5 phases of mitosis in order

Answer 9

• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase
• Cytokinesis

Question 10

What stage, in mitosis, occurs after anaphase?

Answer 10

Telophase

Question 11

Which stage of mitosis occurs after prophase?

Answer 11

Metaphase

Question 12

Which stage occurs after metaphase, in mitosis?

Answer 12

Anaphase

Question 13

What occurs during prophase?

Answer 13

• Nuclear envelope breaks down
• Centriole divides
• Cytoskeleton protein forms spindle fibre
• Chromosomes thicken

Question 14

State 2 things that occur during metaphase

Answer 14

• Chromatid pairs attach to spindles at the equator
• Spindle fibres attach to centromeres

Question 15

Name 2 events that occur during anaphase

Answer 15

• Centromeres split
• Motor proteins pull chromosomes apart

Question 16

State 2 things that occur during telophase

Answer 16

• Separated chromosomes reach poles
• Nuclear envelope forms around chromosome pairs
• Cell contains two identical nuclei

Question 17

What occurs during cytokinesis, during mitosis?

Answer 17

Cytoplasm divides and cell membrane pinches the cell membrane, separating the cells

Question 18

Are stem cells pluripotent?

Answer 18

Yes

Question 19

State 2 sources of stem cells

Answer 19

• Embryos
• Developed Tissues
• Bone Marrow
• Meristem

Question 20

Why are stem cells found in developed tissues?

Answer 20

They act as repair mechanisms

Question 21

What are stem cells used for in bone marrow transplants?

Answer 21

To treat blood diseases and immune system problems

Question 22

How can stem cells be used for drug research?

Answer 22

New drugs can be tested on human tissue from stem cells

Question 23

How can stem cells be used to replace organs?

Answer 23

• They are forced to populate a bio scaffold of collagen, before growing into specific organ cells

Question 24

How can stem cells be used to treat Alzheimer’s?

Answer 24

They can replace damaged nerve tissue or repair spinal cord injuries

Question 25

How can stem cells be used to treat Type 1 diabetes?

Answer 25

By programming iPS cells to become pancreatic beta cells

Question 26

How does sexual reproduction increase genetic variation?

Answer 26

By combining DNA from 2 unrelated individuals

Question 27

What is a gamete?

Answer 27

A sex cell

Question 28

What type of gamete does meiosis produce?

Answer 28

Haploid

Question 29

Give 2 things that occur in Prophase I

Answer 29

- Chromosomes supercoil and pair - Nuclear Envelopes breaks down - Spindle fibres form

Question 30

State 2 things that happen in Metaphase I

Answer 30

- Pairs of chromosomes attach along equator - Spindles attach to centromere

Question 31

What 2 things occur in Anaphase I?

Answer 31

- Chromosome pairs pulled apart by motor proteins - Alleles shuffle

Question 32

State 2 things that occur in Telophase I

Answer 32

- 2 nuclear envelopes form - Cytokinesis occurs

Question 33

What 2 things occur in Prophase II?

Answer 33

- Chromosomes coil and condense - Spindle fibres form

Question 34

Give 2 things that happen during Metaphase II

Answer 34

- Chromosomes attach to equator - Spindle threads attach to centromere

Question 35

What happens in Anaphase II?

Answer 35

- Chromosomes pulled apart by motor proteins

Question 36

What occurs in Telophase II?

Answer 36

- Nuclear Envelopes form around 4 nuclei

Question 37

What kind of cells are produced by Meiosis?

Answer 37

Haploid gametes

Question 38

What is the function of erythrocytes?

Answer 38

To carry O2 to respiring cells

Question 39

State three adaptions of Erythrocytes

Answer 39

- Small for large SA:V ratio - Biconcave shape for larger SA - Flexible so can squeeze through capillaries - Few organelles so more space for haemoglobin

Question 40

What is the role of neutrophils?

Answer 40

To ingest invading pathogens

Question 41

Give 2 adaptions of neutrophils

Answer 41

- Multilobed nucleus - Attracted by chemotaxis to infection sites

Question 42

What is the function of spermatozoa?

Answer 42

Carries male DNA to egg cell

Question 43

Name 3 adaptions of sperm cells

Answer 43

- Many mitochondria for lots of energy - Tail allows for swimming - Acrosomes digest outer egg lining

Question 44

Give 3 adaptions of palisade cells

Answer 44

- Cylindrical shape allows for close packing but gaps for gases to move - Large vacuole forces chloroplasts to edges for small distance - Cytoskeleton and motor proteins move chloroplasts to sunlight

Question 45

State an adaption of guard cells

Answer 45

- Stoma allow air to enter - Flexible cell wall maximises effect of swelling

Question 46

Give 3 adaptions of root hair cells

Answer 46

- Shape increases SA - Special carrier proteins actively transport ions in - Mitochondria produce ATP needed for active transport

Question 47

What is the role of epithelial tissue?

Answer 47

To line free surface in the body

Question 48

What are some characteristics of epithelial tissue?

Answer 48

- No blood vessels - Has projections - Have short cell cycles

Question 49

What is the role of connective tissue?

Answer 49

To hold and support structures

Question 50

State some characteristics of connective tissue

Answer 50

- Contains collagen, elastin - Extracellular matrix allows it to support weight

Question 51

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

Answer 51

Hyaline, Fibrous, Elastic

Question 52

Where might you find elastic cartilgae?

Answer 52

Outer ear, epiglottis

Question 53

Where could you find fibrous cartilage?

Answer 53

Discs between vertebrae, knee joint

Question 54

Which type of cartilage covers long bones?

Answer 54

Hyaline

Question 55

Give two characteristics of muscle tissue

Answer 55

- Well vascularised - Myofilaments allow for contraction

Question 56

What is the role of cardiac muscle tissue?

Answer 56

To pump blood through heart

Question 57

What is the role of smooth muscle?

Answer 57

To propel substances along tracts

Question 58

What are the three main types of muscle tissue?

Answer 58

Skeletal, Cardiac and Smooth

Question 59

What are the 2 main roles of xylem tissue?

Answer 59

- To transport water - To support plant

Question 60

What 2 cells does xylem contain?

Answer 60

- Hollow vessel cells - Parenchyma cells

Question 61

What is the function of phloem tissue?

Answer 61

To transport sugars around plants

Question 62

What 3 cells make up phloem tissue?

Answer 62

Sieve cells, companion cells and normal plant cells

Question 63

How is phloem arranged?

Answer 63

In bundles of tubes

Question 64

What are the end walls of phloem tissue called?

Answer 64

Sieve plates

Question 65

Name the 2 plant tissues found in the vascular bundle

Answer 65

Phloem and Xylem