cell energy Flashcards
(26 cards)
Autotroph
an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide.
Light Reactions
use light energy to make two molecules needed for the next stage of photosynthesis: the energy storage molecule ATP and the reduced electron carrier NADPH.
Photosynthesis
he process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water.
Chlorophyll
the natural compound present in green plants that gives them their color.
Calvin cycle
a part of photosynthesis, the process plants and other autotrophs use to create nutrients from sunlight and carbon dioxide
Electron Transport Chain
a series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions, creating an electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP in a complete system named oxidative phosphorylation
NADPH
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Pigment
the natural coloring matter of animal or plant tissue.
Granum
a coin-shaped stack of thylakoids, which are the membrane-like structures found inside the chloroplasts of plant cells
Stomata
any of the minute pores in the epidermis of the leaf or stem of a plant, forming a slit of variable width which allows movement of gases in and out of the intercellular spaces.
Carbon Fixation
the conversion of atmospheric carbon dioxide into organic molecules by autotrophic organisms.
Heterotrophs
A heterotroph is an organism that cannot produce its own food, instead taking nutrition from other sources of organic carbon, mainly plant or animal matter.
Thylakoids
internal photosynthetic membrane systems of chloroplasts
Carotenoids
tetraterpene pigments, which exhibit yellow, orange, red and purple colors.
Mitochondrial matrix
the site of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle
Aerobic respiration
the process of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen gas to produce energy from food
Fermentation
the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat.
NAD+
acts as a substrate that is irreversibly degraded by NAD+-consuming enzymes, including the SIRTs, PARPs, and CD38.
Alcoholic fermentation
a biological process by which sugar is converted into alcohol and carbon dioxide
Glycolysis
splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules
NADH
a coenzyme found in all living cells;
Anaerobic
relating to, involving, or requiring an absence of free oxygen.
Cellular respiration
a series of chemical reactions that break down glucose to produce ATP
Krebs cycle
a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidization of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide.
