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Cell Function Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

Internal substances

A

Substances required for the cell functioning

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2
Q

External substances

A

Outside of the cell, waste products and cellular products move into.

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3
Q

Cells need substances

A

Gases (Oxygen), nutrients (sugars), and water which is the main solvent in cells.

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4
Q

Movement of molecules is based on

A

Based on Molecule:
Size: Smaller molecules can move more quickly
Electrical charge: Such as sodium and potassium, not very soluble in lipids and hence have low membrane permeability.
Lipid solubility: If they are hydrophilic then it is hard to cross membrane. Lipid tails enhance the movement of lipid soluble substances.
Water is charged but moves via hydrophilic aqua pores.
Molecules with low permeability rely on carrier proteins.

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5
Q

Diffusion

A

Net movement of any molecule from high concentration to low concentration in order to reach equilibrium(No higher movement in any direction)
Done along the concentration gradient.
If higher difference in concentration then the gradient will be steeper.
Heat raises the rate of diffusion.

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6
Q

Diffusion across a cell membrane

A

Small uncharged particles, move easily via diffusion.
Such as oxygen which is used variously throughout the cell so there is higher concentration outside the cell.

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7
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Larger molecules such as glucose and charged negative particles have to go through carrier and channel proteins.

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8
Q

Osmosis

A

Water moving through the cell membrane. Net movement of solvent particles from high concentration to low concentration.

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9
Q

Solution

A

Solute dissolves in a solvent. Amount of solute gives concentration. A concentrated solute gives low water. A diluted substances have high water concentration. Water is not lipid soluble and goes through acqua pores.

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10
Q

Water in cell

A

When more water moves into the cell it swells. If the opposite happens it shrinks. Pressure called osmotic pressure. The more water=higher osmotic pressure.

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11
Q

Classification of environment

A

If both the internal and external environment of cell have equal solute and solvent then both sides are isotonic
If one side has lower solute and higher water than it is hypotonic.
If one side has high solute and lower water than it is hypertonic.

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12
Q

Osmosis in animal cells

A

Unicellular eukaryotic can burth in hypotonic external environment (When water is greater). To combat this animal cells are covered by isotonic fluid which keeps water level stable for proper cell function.

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13
Q

Osmosis in plant cells

A

Unlike animal cells. Plant cells do not burst.
PLant cells have large fluid filled vacuoles which are a semipermeable wall.

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14
Q

Animal cell in different external conditions in relation to osmosis

A

Isotonic:
The exchange is equal, the cell is normal
Hypotonic: Diluted externally, more coming in, lysed (Cell explodes)
Hypertonic: Concentration external condition, more going out, cell become shriveled.

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15
Q

Different plant cell conditions

A

isotonic: Conditions are equal the cell is normal.
Hypotonic: Dilute in external conditions, more coming in, turgid.
Hypertonic: Concentrated externalizing, high amount going out, flaccid.

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16
Q

Osmosis Vs Diffusion

A
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17
Q

Active transport

A

Movement of material across membrane that requires the use of ATP (energy).
Against the concentration gradient. Cells control the process. Gain nutrients and remove cellular waste.

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18
Q

Endocytosis

A

Large particle moves into the cell. Cell engulfs it.
Phagocytosis=solid
Phagocytosis= liquid

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19
Q

Endocytosis

A

Cell product+Waste moves out of cell
Membrane bound vesicles move to membrane.
Vesicle membrane transforms into cell membrane.

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20
Q

Factors affecting rate of exchange:
Chemical factors

A

Chemical properties affect permeability
Hydrophilic charged particles such as sodium require protein channels.

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21
Q

Factors affecting rate of exchange: Physical factors

A

Size and shape, small molecules diffuse easily.
Very large molecules require exo and endocytosis.

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22
Q

Factors affecting rate of exchange: Concentration gradient

A

If CG is steep= higher diffusion
When CG is equilibrium than there is no movement (net)
Plant cells:
Cytoplasm streaming: Move around organelles and cytosol in cell so that area of the cell has constant low concentration.

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23
Q

Factors affecting rate of exchange: Surface area to volume

A

Higher SA:V in smaller cells → Smaller cells have a greater surface area relative to their volume, allowing faster exchange of nutrients and waste.

Lower SA:V in larger cells → As cells grow, their volume increases faster than their surface area, reducing efficiency in substance exchange.

Size limits cell function → When a cell becomes too large to sustain efficient exchange, it often divides to maintain optimal functioning.

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24
Q

CR: Oxygen

A

In organic, 2 oxygen atoms, used by living organism in aerobic cellular respiration and is product of photosynthesis.

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25
CR: Carbon dioxide
inorganic, carbon bonded to 2 oxygen atoms. USed during photosynthesis process and released as a product of cellular respiration.
26
Cr: Water
inorganic, hydrogen, oxygen, allows cell to use nutrients and chemicals. Transports nutrients and waste to maintain structure.
27
CR: Mineral salts (Ions)
Inorganic: Sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron, chlorine, phosphorus. Maintain electrolyte balance. Nerve impulse and transmission. Muscle contraction and enzyme activity. Structure in bones and teeth.
28
CR: Amino acids
Organic: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen. E.g cytosine, glutamine, tyrosine. Protein building blocks, sequences gives proteins characteristics, put together chains to form poly peptides.
29
CR: poly peptides
Organic: Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen. E.g hemoglobin. Chain of amino acids which carriers oxygen. Amino acids bounded together. Proteins are made up of polypeptide chains twisted together into a shape. DNA determines arrangement of amino acids which determines the protein.
30
CR: DNA
Organic, Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus. Double stranded molecule that stores information, contains 4 bases. Main chemical of the Nucleus. Controls cell instruction.
31
CR: RNA
Organic: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus. Single stranded molecules which contains nucleotides. Required by cells to make ribosomes. so that cells can make proteins.
32
CR: Glycerol
Organic: Cabon, hydrogen and oxygen. Three carbon backbone with hydroxyl attached to each carbon. Forms backbone of phospholipids, membrane structure and energy storage.
33
CR: Fatty acids
Organic: Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. E.g palmitic acid. Key components for lipids, used for energy storage, membrane structure and signaling molecules.
34
CR: Monosaccharides
Organic, carbon. E.g deoxyribose. Simple sugars consisting of two monomers. It is a source of quick energy in both plant and animal cells.
35
CR: Disaccharides
Organic: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. E.g Lactose. Two monosaccharides links by a glycosidic bonds. Provides a quick source of energy when broken down during metabolism.
36
CR: Polysaccharides
Organic: E.g Starch in plants, complex molecules consisting of more than five and up to 100 monomers. Starched is stored energy in a plant cell. Structural part of cell walls. Strength and support glycogen, stored energy in animal cells.
37
Cell waste
Products of chemical reactions that aren't required for cell function.
38
Waste substances
Carbon dioxide: Cellular respiration Nitrogenous waste: needs to be transported to other cells. Water: Cellular respiration Mineral salts: Build up during metabolism. Passive: Osmosis of water, diffusion of gases, alcohol Active: Urea, toxins and ions against gradient.
39
Shark example
Removal of carbon dioxide, water, nitrogenous waste: Diffuses from the cell into the blood than the required place.
40
Organic compound
Anything that contains carbon.
41
Energy transfer between reactions
Essential to ensure al essential life processes take place. All cells use glucose, when broken down aerobic respiration occurs. The released energy is called adenosine triphosphate (ATP), consists of a adenine and three phosphate groups. When three phosphate attach to a ADP= ATP
42
Photosynthesis
When plants carry out the process of breaking apart co2 and water using light energy and building oxygen, glucose and water. Carbon dioxide + water+ light energy --> glucose +Oxygen. 6co2+ 6H20 + light energy --> C6H12O6 +6O2
43
Phase 1 photosynthesis
Light dependent Photolysis-- Light splitting, occurs in the granum. Absorption of chlorophyll into the thylakoid. Energy is used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. ATP is also formed which is used in the next phase.
44
Phase 2
Light independent, occurs in the stroma. Combining CO2 with hydrogen ions to form glucose C6H1206, the ATP formed in phase 1 is required for the reaction to take place.
45
Anaerobic respiration
Bacteria and archaea, where the environment is oxygen lacking. Cytosol respiration: Alcohol formation and lactic acid formation.
46
Alcohol fermentation:
Glucose- Ethanol and carbon dioxide+ Adenosine triphosphate, process of beer and wine.
47
Lactic acid fermentation
When an organism cannot produce enough energy by aerobic cellular respiration. Done in periods of harsh exercise.
48
Aerobic Cellular respiration
Occurs in the presence of oxygen. Glucose + Oxygen --> Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy ATP.
49
Autotroph
produces own food using inorganic substances by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. E.g Bacteria
50
Heterotroph
Obtain energy using other organism. E.g Animals.
51
Overview of cellular respiration
Glucose+ Oxygen --> Carbon dioxide + water + 36 ATP molecules.
52
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate, when energy is needed the bond breaks the energy that it contains is released. When the bond breaks it form ADP and a free phosphate group.
53
Comparing photosynthesis and Cellular respiration
54
Enzymes overview
Enzymes are proteins molecules that control all metabolic reactions in living cells. Act as biological catalysts (Chemical substances that speed up chemical reactions) Metabolism: Sum of all chemical reactions in an organism. There is a specific enzyme for each organism.
55
Activation energy
An enzyme lowers the required activation energy allowing the reaction to occur more frequently as lower energy is needed.
56
Properties of enzymes
Composed of a protein molecule that is highly folded to form a particular shape. The surface is called an active site, reactants to enzymes temporarily bind. Enzymes are specific as shape of active site only accommodates one substrate.
57
Lock and key model
Active site is rigid. The substrate model is reciprocally shaped and fits exactly into the active site. One substrate-enzyme complex is formed the close proximity allow rapid catalyzation.
58
Induced fit model
Proteins are not rigid. Binding of substance to active site, induces the enzyme to change shape.
59
Factors affecting enzyme activity- Temperature
Enzymes function from 37 to 40 degrees (Body temp) As temperature rises Rate of reaction rises. However when the temperature exceeds 50-60 enzyme activity stops. At a higher temperature the protein structures bends and flexes making it unable to accomodate the substrate. This is denature.
60
Factors affecting enzyme activity: PH level
Each enzyme has a narrow function range. The extremes of Ph causes denature. Most enzymes function from neutral to slightly acidic. Protein digesting enzymes pepsin and renin found in gastric juice stomach function best at acidic.
61
Substrate concentration and enzyme activity
Rate of enzyme controlled reaction is affected by the concentration of substrate. Unit of enzymes are being used= saturation point. Only way to increase ROR is to increase enzyme concentration.
62
Anabolism
Process of building complex molecules from simple ones requiring energy
63
Catabolism
Breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones releasing energy.
64
Proteins
Building blocks of proteins: Amino acids, poly peptides. 4 different protein structures. Protein molecules form enzymes.

Biology (4 decks)

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