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PHYSIOLOGY [CELL GENERALITIES] > CELL GENERALITIES > Flashcards

CELL GENERALITIES Flashcards

1
Q

Lacks the membrane-bound structures

A

Prokaryotic cell

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2
Q

Possesses membrane surrounding the cell nucleus and organelle

A

Eukaryotic cell

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3
Q

● Stores and transmits genetic information DNA

A

Nucleus

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4
Q

● Responsible for transcription of mRNA

A

Nucleoulus

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5
Q
  • ATP source
  • Krebs cycle
  • O2 phosphorylation
A

Mitochondria

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6
Q

Network of membranes

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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7
Q
  • Protein synthesized by ribosomes is processed (in Golgi apparatus)
  • Responsible for the translation of proteins
A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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8
Q

sites of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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9
Q
  • Enzymes for fatty acids and steroid synthesis
  • Stores and releases calcium (more on muscle and cardiac
    physiology)
A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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10
Q
  • Series of closely apposed flattened sacs
  • Concentrates, modifies, and sorts proteins arriving from the rER
    prior to their distribution.
A

Golgi Apparatus

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11
Q

Contains enzymes that are capable of digesting proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and other biological material

A

Lysosomes

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12
Q
  • Provides structural support
  • Gives structural strength to resist stretch
  • Structural supporters and transport pathways
A

Cytoskeleton

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13
Q

Controls: location and communications of intracellular elements

A

Cytoskeleton

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14
Q

Mechanism: changing/maintaining shape and movement of the

A

Cytoskeleton

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15
Q

Separates the internal and extracellular environments

A

Plasma Membrane

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16
Q
  • Composed of a bilayer of amphipathic lipids

- Physical barrier

A

Plasma Membrane

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17
Q

○ Monolayer structure containing a head and a tail

A

Micelles

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18
Q

○ Has a tail to tail arrangement

A

Liposomes

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19
Q

○ Acts as a protective barrier

A

Lipid bilayer
-The barrier becomes a regulator because:
■ Has a polar surface (has charges)
■ Has specialized membrane components
-Formed by the tail to tail arrangement of the phospholipid
molecules

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20
Q

inside layer and is soluble to fats(tail)

A

Hydrophobic

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21
Q

outside layer and soluble to water(head)

A

Hydrophilic

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22
Q

Other phospholipids Bilayer components:

A
  • Cholesterol - stabilize the fluidity of the membrane at normal
    temperature.
  • Sphingolipids
  • Membrane proteins - help move large molecules from inside
    to outside of the cell or vice versa.
  • Glycoconjugates - glucose conjugated to a protein.
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23
Q

FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE

A
  • Regulate the passage of substances into and out of the cell
    ● Detect chemical messengers arriving at the cell surface
    ● Link adjacent cells by membrane junctions
    ● Anchors cell to extracellular matrix
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24
Q

Protrude all the way through the membrane.

A

Integral proteins

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25
Q

Spans the cell membrane and provides cell communication

A

Integral proteins

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26
Q
  • Provides structural CHANNELS (pores)
  • Act as CARRIER proteins for transporting substances that could not penetrate the lipid bilayer
  • Serves as RECEPTORS to H2O soluble chemicals such as peptide hormones
A

Integral proteins

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27
Q

Amphipathic

A

Integral proteins

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28
Q

Only to the surface and do not penetrate all the way through

A

Peripheral proteins

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29
Q

Primarily in the cytosolic (inner) side, attached to cytoskeleton elements that influence the cell shape and motility

A

Peripheral protein

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30
Q

Non-amphipathic

A

Peripheral protein

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31
Q

● Enable the cell to identify and interact with each other

● Usually extends to the extracellular fluid to form glycocalyx

A

Carbohydrates

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32
Q

TYPES AND ROLES OF MEMBRANE JUNCTIONS

A

● Desmosomes
○ Firm physical connections that hold adjacent cells
○ Example: Epithelial cells in the digestive tract
● Tight Junctions
○ Fuses adjacent plasma membranes (no space in between)
○ Well-developed in epithelial cells
○ Histologically basis: lumen to the blood vessels transport
○ Impermeable junctions that prevent molecules from passing
through intercellular space
○ Example: Tissues subjected to stress such as skin, heart, and
muscle
● Gap Junctions
○ Protein channels that link cytosol to facilitate electrical transmission
○ Communicating junction that allows ions and small molecules to pass for intercellular communication
○ Present in electrically excitable tissues such as smooth muscle and heart

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33
Q

Type of cell that generate mechanical force that produces movement

A

Muscle cell

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34
Q

Type of cell that Initiate and conduct electrical signals

A

Nerve cell

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35
Q

Connect, anchor, and support the structures of the body

A

Connective tissue cell

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36
Q

Create a protective barrier that selectively secretes and absorbs ions and organic molecules

A

Epithelial cell

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37
Q

Organs in the Nervous System

A

Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves and ganglia, special sense organs

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38
Q

Organs in the Musculoskeletal System

A

Cartilage, ligaments, bones, tendons, joints, skeletal muscle

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39
Q

Organs in the Digestive System

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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40
Q

Organs in the Immune System

A

White blood cells, lymph vessels & nodes, spleen, thymus, and other lymphoid tissue

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41
Q

Circulatory System consists of:

A

Blood, heart, blood vessels

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42
Q

Defense against foreign invaders

A

Immune System

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43
Q

System responsible for Transport of blood

A

Circulatory system

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44
Q

Digestion and absorption of organic nutrients, salts, and water; excretion of waste materials

A

Digestive System

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45
Q

Support, protection, and movement of the body

A

Musculoskeletal system

46
Q

Regulation & coordination of many activities in the body; detection of changes in internal and external environments; states of consciousness; learning; recognition

A

Nervous System

47
Q

Organs of the Respiratory System

A

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

48
Q

Organs of the Urinary System

A

Kidney, ureter, bladder & urethra

49
Q

Organs of the Endocrine System

A

Organ secreting hormones such as pancreas, thyroid, testis, ovaries, hypothalamus, kidneys, pituitary, parathyroid, adrenals, intestines, thymus, heart, pineal gland

50
Q

Organs of the Reproductive System

A

Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, testes, penis

51
Q

Organs of the Integumentary System

A

Skin

52
Q

State of reasonably stable balance between physiology

variables

A

Homeostasis

53
Q

○ Variables fluctuate within a predictable and often narrow

range

A

Homeostasis

54
Q

○ The entire sequence of events

A

Homeostasis

55
Q

○ Maintenance of a nearly constant internal environment

A

Homeostasis

56
Q

maintain variables within

acceptable levels

A

Homeostasis

57
Q

usually challenged by the external environment.

A

Physiological variables

58
Q

● Negative Feedback

A

○ Opposite direction to the stimulus
○ Reverses a change in a controlled condition
○ E.g., Blood pH regulation (force exerted by blood as it
presses against the walls of the blood vessels
1. Inc blood pH or acidity (H+)
2. Receptors: peripheral and central
chemoreceptors
3. Control center: brain (medulla oblongata)
4. Effector organ: ventilatory muscles contract to
increase ventilation to eliminate Co2
○ E.g., Blood Glucose
■ Increased blood sugar will trigger the pancreas to release insulin for glucose reuptake

59
Q

Positive Feedback

A
  • An increase or decrease in the variable regulated brings
    about responses that tend to move the variable in the
    same direction (“positive to”) as the original stimulus.
    ○ Same direction as the stimulus
    ○ Strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body’s
    controlled conditions
    ○ ex: Normal Child Birth
    1. Contractions of the uterus force the baby’s head into the cervix
    2. Stimulus: Stretching of cervix
    3. Receptor: Stretch sensitive nerve in the cervix
    sends input
    4. Input: Nerve impulse to the brain
    5. Control Center: Brain interprets input and
    release
    6. Output: Oxytocin
    7. Effector organ: uterus contract more forcefully
    8. Baby’s body stretches cervix more
    9. Positive feedback: Increasing stretching of the
    cervix causes the release of more oxytocin which results in more stretching of the cervix
60
Q

FACTORS UNDER HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL

A

Nutrients, gases, waste products, pH, salt and other electroclytes, temperature, volume and pressure

61
Q

● Homeostasis is constantly being disrupted by:

A

○ Physical insults
■ Intense heat or lack of oxygen
○ Changes in the internal environment
■ Drop in blood glucose due to lack of food ○ Physiological stress
■ Demands of work or school ○ Disruptions
■ Mild and temporary (balance is quickly restored)
■ Intense and prolonged (severe infections)

62
Q

COMPONENTS OF THE CONTROL SYSTEM

A

1 Stimulus (variable regulated)
2 Set-point of the variable (normal)
3 Receptor (the one that would receive the information)
4 Afferent pathway (the one that would send the information)
5 Integrating system (the one that would receive the information using our brain)
6 Efferent pathway (the one that would carry the message to the effectors)
7 Effectors (organs that would now cause a response )
8 Response

63
Q

Receptor

A

○ Body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition
○ Send input to the control center
■ Nerve ending of the skin in response to temperatures change

64
Q

Control Center

A

○ Brain
○ Sets the range of values to be maintained
○ Evaluates input received from receptors and generates output
command
○ Nerve impulses, hormones
■ Brain acts as a control center receiving nerve impulses from skin temperature receptors

65
Q

Effector

A

○ Receives output from the control center
○ Produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition
■ Found in nearly every organ or tissue
■ Body temperature drops the brain send an impulse to the skeletal
muscle to contract
■ Shivering to generate heat

66
Q

Storage pool in the body is affected by two events:

A
  1. Net gain
    a. Gaining food through the GI tract, air from the lungs, or synthesized by the body
  2. Net loss
    a. Loss from metabolism and the excretion from body via
    lungs, GI tract, kidneys, skin, menstrual flow
67
Q

TOTAL BODY BALANCE:

NEGATIVE BALANCE

A

Loss > gain

68
Q

TOTAL BODY BALANCE:

POSITIVE BALANCE

A

Gain > Loss

69
Q

TOTAL BODY BALANCE:

STABLE

A

Gain = Loss

70
Q

TOTAL BODY WATER COMPOSITION IN THE BODY

A 
60% of the bodyweight
○ Distributed in the intracellular fluid or ICF (40%) and the
extracellular fluid or ECF (20%).
○ ECF can be divided into:
■ Interstitial Fluid - 75% (3⁄4) of ECF
■ Plasma - 25% (1⁄4) of ECF
71
Q

Specialized membrane between Interstitial fluid and plasma

A

Capillary wall

■ Exchange of fluid between the 2 compartments

72
Q

most abundant cation in extracellular environment

A

Sodium

73
Q

most abundant cation in intracellular environment

A

Potassium

74
Q

MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS

A

WATER CHANNELS

ION CHANNELS

  • ligand gated
  • voltage gated
  • mechanically gated

SOLUTE CARRIERS

  • uniporters
  • symporters
  • antiporters
  • ATP dependent transporters
75
Q

WATER CHANNEL

A
  • Main route of water movement into and out of the cell
    ● Regulated by altering the AQUAPORINS in the membrane,
    specifically their:
    ○ Number/quantity
    ○ Permeability
76
Q

ION CHANNELS

A

○ Ligand-gated
■ Open when a specific molecule binds to it
○ Voltage-gated
■ Open when there is a change in membrane potential
○ Mechanically-gated
■ Open when physical deformation of the membrane occurs

77
Q

TYPES OF ION CHANNELS ARE BASED ON:

A 
○ Selectivity or Non-selectivity
■ Can be for one specific solute
■ Can allow passage of different solutes
○ Conductance
■ Higher concentration gradient
■ Ex: inward rectifier (greater conductance when
ions move INTO the cell vs. out of the cell)
○ Gating
78
Q

SOLUTE CARRIERS

A

Uniporters

Symporters/Co-transporters

Antiporters

ATP-Dependent Transporters

79
Q

ATP-Dependent Transporters

A

● Uses ATP to drive the movement of molecules/ions across the membrane.
● Ex. Sodium-Potassium ATPase Pump uses ATP to transport 3 Na out of the cell and 2 K into the cell

80
Q

Antiporters

A

● Couples the movement of two or more molecules/ions across the membrane.
● However, one is transported in the OPPOSITE direction.
● Ex. Sodium-Calcium Exchanger moves 1 Na into the cell and 1 Ca
out of the cell.

81
Q

Symporters/Co-transporters

A

● Couples the movement of two or more molecules/ions across the membrane
● Transported in the SAME direction
● Ex. Sodium-Glucose Transporter (SGLT) transports 2 Na and 1
Glucose

82
Q

Uniporter

A

● Transport a single molecule across the membrane

“Uni” - one, single

Example: GLUT2 Transporter Transports glucose into the cell

83
Q

CHANNELS

conduit through membrane:

A

Intermittently open

84
Q

CARRIERS

conduit through membrane:

A

Never open

85
Q

CHANNELS

unitary event

A

Opening

86
Q

CARRIERS

unitary event

A

Cycle of conformational change

87
Q

Particle Translocated of Channels and Carrier

A

Smaller and Bigger

88
Q

Translocation Rate of Channels and Carrier

A

Rapid and Slow

89
Q

Can channels and carrier be saturated

A

No and Yes

90
Q

● Molecules are constantly bouncing off of each other.
● These collisions generate energy that pushes molecules from one
direction to another.
● Molecules move from a high energy state to a low energy state.

A

Random Thermal Motion/Brownian Movement

91
Q

Driving Forces affecting Movement

A

Chemical Driving Force and Electrical Driving Force Electrochemical Driving Force

92
Q

Chemical Driving Force

A

● Occurs in the presence of a concentration gradient.
● A high frequency of collisions in the intracellular fluid will create more
energy and forcibly push solutes out of the cell.
● Movement of solute occurs from higher concentration to lower
concentration.

93
Q

Electrical Driving Force

A

● Deals with solutes that have charges.
● There is net negative charge in the ICF because there are more
negatively charged ions in the ICF.
● There is a net positive charge in the ECF.
● Opposite charges attract, so negative charges in the ICF diffuse
greater to the outside of the cell and positive charges in the ECF diffuse greater to the inside of the cell.

94
Q

Electrochemical Driving Force

A

Net driving force when chemical and electrical gradients are combined.

95
Q

MEMBRANE TRANSPORT in which movement is along a gradient

A

PASSIVE

  • Simple diffusion
  • Facilitated Diffusion
  • Osmosis
96
Q

MEMBRANE TRANSPORT in which movement is against a gradient

A

ACTIVE

  1. primary active
  2. secondary active
97
Q

MEMBRANE TRANSPORT in which movement requires a vesicle

A

VESICULAR

  1. Endocytosis
  2. Exocytosis
98
Q

MEMBRANE TRANSPORT in which movement requires a vector

A

EPITHELIAL

  1. Paracellular
  2. Transcellular
99
Q

Uses an integral protein, known as a transporter or carrier in transporting a molecule across a membrane

A

MEDIATED TRANSPORT SYSTEMS

100
Q

3 PROCESSES OF MEDIATED TRANSPORT SYSTEM

A

a. Binding of the transported solute to a carrier
b. Conformational change of the carrier
c. Release of the transported solute to the other side of the
membrane

Facilitated diffusion and active transport

  • Facilitated diffusion – w/o energy
  • Active transport – w/ energy
101
Q

Diffusion

A

● A process by which molecules move spontaneously from an era of HIGH CONCENTRATION to LOW CONCENTRATION
● Movement is along a gradient
● Molecules are in a continuous state of motion known as “Random
Thermal Motion”
● The warmer the environment, the more rapid is the movement

102
Q

Factors that influence net flux can be explained by the following equation

A

Fick’s First law of diffusion
Stokes Einstein equation
Vander’s equation

103
Q

●Relationship of Diffusion coefficient, area of membrane and concentration gradient to net diffusion
○ Increased Diffusion coefficient, area of membrane and concentration gradient = increase net diffusion
 (faster)
● Relationship of membrane thickness to net diffusion
○ Increased membrane thickness = decrease net diffusion

(slower)

A

Fick’s First law of diffusion

104
Q

● Relationship of Boltzmann’s constant and temperature to diffusion coefficient
○ Increased Boltzmann’s constant and temperature = increase diffusion coefficient
● Relationship of radius of macromolecule and viscosity of the medium to diffusion coefficient
○ Increased radius of macromolecule and viscosity of the medium = decrease diffusion coefficient
● Relationship of diffusion coefficient to net diffusion
○ Increased diffusion coefficient = INCREASED net diffusion
● Relationship of net diffusion to diffusion coefficient ○ No relationship

A

Stokes Einstein equation

105
Q

● Increased net flux = increase diffusion

A

Vander’s Equation

106
Q

The major factor limiting diffusion across the cellular membrane

A

hydrophobic interior of its lipid bilayer.

107
Q

Directly related to the net flux are the following

A

○ Concentration gradient across the compartments
○ Surface area of permeable membrane
○ Temperature of the medium

108
Q

Inversely related to net flux is

A

○ Mass of the molecule

109
Q

reflects the ease with which the molecule is able to move through a given membrane

A

The numerical value of the permeability constants (kp) which the molecule is able to move through a given membrane. The greater the constant, the larger is the magnitude of the net flux.

110
Q

● No energy required

A

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

PHYSIOLOGY [CELL GENERALITIES] (1 decks)

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