Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PAthology > Cell Injury > Flashcards

Cell Injury Flashcards

(54 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is cell injury _

A

Cell injury is defined as functional and morphological effects of variety of stress’s on the cell from various etiological agents which result in changes in its internal and external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

On what factors cellular response depends

A

① host that is type of cell nutrition it is reaching

@ factors pertaining to injurious agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are types of cels

A

Labile cells
Stable cells
Permanent cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are labile cells

A

Continuous regeneration from stem cells self renewal
Haematopoitic stem cells
Epithelial cells of surface
Duct epithelial- salivalyglands, pancreas, biliary tract - skin, Oral cavity vagina cervix
Mucous _ git, uterus, fallopian, ubladden

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Stable cells

A

. Parenchyma - liver,. pancreas ,renal tubules
Mesenchymal cells - endothelium
regeneration in response to injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Permanent cells

A

Non proliferative in postnatal life
Neutrons
Cardiomyocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the different stages of injury

A 
Normalcells
Pathological or physiological stress
Cellular adaptation
If stress persists
Reversible cell injury
Irreversible cell injury or cell death
That is necrosis or apoptosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the definition of adaptation

A

They are reversible
Structural and functional responses to physiological stress or pathological stress
During which a New altered steady state is achieved
Allowing the cell to survive and continue to function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are different types of adaptations

A 
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Atrophy
Metaplasia
Displasia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Definition of hyperplasia l

A

Increase in No of cells Not size of cells resulting in enlargement of organ or tissue
May or may not be hypertrophy and hyperplasia occurs together
Occurs in labile cells and stable cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the mechanism of hyperplasia

A

Increased production of growth factors and growth factor receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How neoplasia differs from hyperplasia

A

In neoplasia hyperplasia occurs without growth regulatory mechanism due to change in genetic composition of cells but in hyperplasia as long as stimulus present the effect will be there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is physiological hyperplasia

A

Female breast during pubcity, pregnancy, lactation
Uterus in pregnancy
Endometrium after menstrual cycle
These all come under hormonal hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is physiological compensatory hyperplasia

A

Occurs in liver and bone marrow
liver after donation
Bm afterhaemorrageand blood donation -

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Examples of pathological hyperplasia

A

Endometrial hyperplasia due to oestrogen excess
Ducal hyperplasia of the Brest
Benign prostatic hyperplasia in old age
Skin warts from human papilloma virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Definition of hypertrophy

A 
There is increase in size not in number 
see-in permanent cells
May or may not be associated with plasia 
Uterus = both plasia + trophy
Cardiomyo cites - only hypertrophy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is mechanism of hypertrophy

A

Cellular swells more structural components and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Physiological hypertrophy examples

A

Uterus in pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Examples of pathological hypertrophy

A

Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle
Compensatory hype-ropy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In what conditions cardiac hypertrophy occurs -

A

Systemic hypertension
Aortic valve stenosis
Aortic value insufficiency
Mitral value insufficiency

SAAM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In what conditions smooth muscle hypertrophy occurs

A

Cardiac aclasia
Pyloric stenosis
Intestinal strictures
Muscular arteries in hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

In what condition skeletal muscle hypertrophy occurs

Study These Flashcards
A

Hylpertropied muscles in athletes and tabours

23
Q

Compensation hypertrophy occurs in?

Study These Flashcards
A

Liver after hepectotomy

Kidney after nephrectomy on one side nephrons increases

24
Q

Morphological features of hypertrophy

Study These Flashcards
A

Organ enlarged

DNA, RNA increase prote synthesis increases and er, and organelle increases myofibrils alto increase

25
Atrophy definition
Decrease in size and number of cells without or with shrinkage of the tissue Atrophied cells are smaller in size but viable there is no guarantee they need to go necrosis or apoptosis
26
What is the mechanism of atrophy
Reduction in cell organelles chiefly mitochondria and myofilaments and er
27
Physiological atrophy is seen in
``` Lymphoid issue with age Thymus. In adult life Gonads after menopause Uterus aft parturition Brain with aging. Bony trabuculae in osteoporosis ```
28
Pathological atrophy seen in
Starvation atrophy general weakness,anemia, emaciation known as cache is in cancer patients Ishemic atrophy kidney in renal atherosclerosis and brain brain in cerebral atherosclerosis Neuropathic atrophy = poliomyelitis,motor neurone disease Disuse atrophy wasting of immobilised hand Endocrine = hypo pituitary secretions may cause atrophy of thyroid Pressure= erosion of skull in meningioma and erosion of sternum in arch of aorta aneurysm Idiopathic
29
What are morphology of atrophy
Cells smaller in size Increase in autophagic vacuoles Shrinkage in cell size due to cell organelles , mito amd myofilamemts
30
Defination of metaplasia
A reversible change in which one adult matured cell type is replaced by other adult cell type It is reversible
31
Mechanism of metaplasia
Reprogramming of stem cells occurs not the change in already existing cellls
32
Types of metaplasia
Epithelial squamous and columnar Mesenchymal _ osseous and cartilaginous
33
Epithelial metaplasia
Most common type Replacement of one epithelium by stronger but less well specialised epithelium Columnar epithelium → squamous epithelium Bronchus.( pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium) in chronic smokers Uterine endocervix( normally lined by simple columnar epithelium ) in prolapse of uterus Gallbladder( normally lined simple columnar epithelium) In cholelithiasis In prostate(normally lined simple columnar epithelium) in chronic prostatitis Vita A deficiency, squamous metaplasia in nose, bronchi Lacrimal and salivary glands
34
Examples of metaplasia
Barett's esophagus → change of normal squamous epithelium to columnar epithelium Cervical erosion → change of normal squamous epithelium to columnar epithelium
35
Mesenchymal metaplasia
Less common One adult type of mesenchymal tissue to another lie formation of cartilage, bones or adipose tissue
36
Osseus metaplasia
Monckebergs medial calorific sclerosis(in arterial Wall in old age) Myositis ossificans Cartilage of larynx and bronchi in eldest ppl In scar of chronic inflammation of prolonged duration
37
Cartilaginous metaplasia
In healing of fractures cartilaginous metaplasia may occur where there in undue mobility
38
Dysplasia definition
Disordered cellular development | Characterised by cellular cytologic changes
39
Explain cytological changes
No of layers increases Disorderly arrangement ``` Loss of basal polarity Pleomorphism Increased n/c ratio Hyperchromatism Increased mitotic activity ```
40
Cell injury
Cell injury when cells are stressed so severely or persistently that they are no longer able to adapt or when cells are exposed to damaging genes
41
Types of cell injury
Necrosis | Apoptosis
42
What are the causes for cell injury
``` A) genetic causes B)aquired causes Hypoxia and ischaemia Physical agents Chemical agents Microbial agents Immunologic agents Nutritional derangement Aging Psychogenic diseases Iatrogenic factors Idiopathic diseases ```
43
What are 5 mechanisms of cell injury
``` ATP depletion Mitochondrial damage Loss of calcium homeostasis Defects in membrane permeability Free radical injury ```
44
Explain ATP depletion mechanism of cell injury os
ATP formation decreases Na+ k+ pump decreases influx of cal and Na+ increases Efflux of k+ increases Er swelling, cellular swelling, loss of microvilli, Blebs formation : . In Anaerobic glycolysis occurs due to ishecemia lactic acid Ph v
45
What are effects caused by atp depletion
Na and k+ pump stops working Influx of calcium increases and effulx of k+increases Er swelling ,cellular swelling loss of microvilli blebs Anaerobic glycolysis glycogen decreases and lactic acid increases ph decreases Clumping of nuclear chromatin Detached ribosomes cause decrease protein synthesis
46
What happens when ishcemia occurs
Ischemia Mitochondria reduces oxidative phosphorylation Na k pump decreases sodium and water enters and k exists Endoplasmic reticulum dilates ,the cell swells blebs appears
47
How anaerobic glycolysis affect the cell injury
Anaerobic glycolysis Glycogen decreases Lactic acid increases ph decreases Interferes with enzymes and nuclear chromatin
48
Decreased atp Rer loses ribosomes Proteins Synthesis falls Structural proteins and enzymes depletion
Due to atp depletion
49
How the mitochondrial damage effects the cell injury
Mitochondrial damage Mitochondrial permeability transition pore Loss of mitochondrial membrane Failure of normal oxidative phosphorylation Atp decreases Mitochondrial damage Abnormal oxidative phosphorylation Formation of ro Deleterious effects As the permeability of mitochondria increases c reactive protein blw outer and inner membranes Mitochondrial damage c reactive protein come out and promote apoptosis
50
Calcium homeostasis
Normally Ca will be less intracellurlly what ever cal present is present on the er and mito As the mitochondrial damage occurs and permeability increases the ca in the cells increases Several enzymes like phospholipids Atpase Proteases Endonucleases
51
Consequencesof membrane damage
Mitochondrial membrane damage Plasma damage Lysososomal membrane damage
52
Explain plasma membrane damage
Loss of osmotic balance. Effluent of fluids and ions Loss of cellular contents Atp decreases
53
What is Fenton reaction
H202 +fe+2 =fe+3 +oH+oh-
54
Haber Weiss reaction
H202 +02= 20H-+ 02

PAthology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions